Table Of ContentA Companion to Death, Burial, and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early
Modern Europe, c.1300– 1700
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Brill’s Companions to the
Christian Tradition
A Series of Handbooks and Reference Works on the
Intellectual and Religious Life of Europe, 500– 1800
Edited by
Christopher M. Bellitto (Kean University)
volume 94
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ bcct
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A Companion to Death, Burial,
and Remembrance in Late
Medieval and Early Modern
Europe, c.1300– 1700
Edited by
Philip Booth and Elizabeth Tingle
LEIDEN | BOSTON
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Cover illustration: Pietà, Sizun parish church, Finistère, France. This Pietà was originally part of an
early modern calvary in Kersanton granite, located in the parish close of Saint- Suliau church, Sizun.
© Martin Tingle.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Booth, Philip, 1986- editor. | Tingle, Elizabeth C., editor.
Title: A companion to death, burial, and remembrance in late Medieval and early
modern Europe, c.1300-1700 / edited by Philip Booth and Elizabeth Tingle.
Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Brill’s companions to the
Christian tradition, 1871-6377 ; volume 94 | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020037559 | ISBN 9789004361232 (hardback) |
ISBN 9789004443433 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Death–Religious aspects–Christianity. | Memorialization–Europe. |
Mourning customs–Europe.
Classification: LCC BT825 .C655 2021 | DDC 236/.1–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020037559
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/b rill- typeface
issn 1871-6 377
isbn 978-9 0-0 4-3 6123-2 (hardback)
isbn 978-9 0-0 4-4 4343-3 (e- book)
Copyright 2021 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi,
Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,
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without prior written permission from the publisher. Requests for re- use and/ or translations must be
addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV via brill.com or copyright.com.
This book is printed on acid- free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.
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Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of Figures x
Abbreviations xiii
Notes on Contributors xiv
Introduction: Dying, Death, and Commemoration, 1350– 1700 1
Philip Booth and Elizabeth Tingle
part 1
Dying, Death, Burial and the Afterlife
1 Changing Western European Visions of Christian Afterlives, 1350– 1700:
Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory 33
Elizabeth Tingle
2 Preparations for a Christian Death: The Later Middle Ages 72
Stephen Bates
3 Deathbed and Burial Rituals in Late Medieval Catholic Europe 106
Madeleine Gray
4 “Do This in Remembrance of Me”: Offerings, Identity, and Bills in the
Medieval English Royal Funeral 132
Anna M. Duch
5 The Reformation of Burial in the Protestant Churches 156
Gordon D. Raeburn
6 The Counter Reformation and Preparations for Death in the European
Roman Catholic Church, 1550– 1700 175
Elizabeth Tingle
7 Dying, Death and Burial in the Christian Orthodox Tradition: Byzantium
and the Greek Churches, ca. 1300– 1700 199
Zachary Chitwood
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vi Contents
8 Death, Burial and Remembrance: The Christian Orthodox Tradition in
the East of Europe 225
Ludwig Steindorff
part 2
Cultural and Emotional Responses to Loss: Grief and
Commemoration
9 Body, Liturgy, and Tomb Monuments in the Later Middle Ages 251
Robert Marcoux
10 Images of Death in Art and Literature in Late Medieval and Early
Modern Europe (1300– 1700) 272
Christina Welch
11 Funeral Sermons and the Reformation: The British Isles and Germany
Part i. Funeral Sermons over Time: From Catholic to Protestant in the
British Isles 300
Jacqueline Eales
Part ii. Protestant Funeral Sermons in Early- Modern Germany 319
Ruth Atherton
12 Dramatizing and Celebrating Death in the Early- Modern
Visual Arts: The Fortunes of the Post- Tridentine Iconography of
Martyrdom 339
Ralph Dekoninck
13 The Motion of Another’s Death: Grief and Mourning 368
Christopher Ocker
14 Relics and Saints: Commemoration and Memorialization of the
Holy Dead 393
Freddy C. Domínguez
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Contents vii
15 The Undead: Ghosts and Revenants 418
Polina Ignatova
Bibliography 439
Index 500
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Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of this volume owe many debts of thanks. We would
like to thank the staff of all the libraries and archives listed in our footnotes, for
works of scholarship are not possible without their assistance. We would also
like to thank the anonymous peer reviewers of the volume for their perceptive
and helpful comments. Thanks are also due to Brill and in particularly to Chris-
topher Bellitto as series editor.
The volume was completed during the global pandemic of covid- 19. Librar-
ies, archives and universities were closed, and scholars had to adjust to new
ways of working. It seems fitting that a volume on death and remembrance
should be finished when these were at the forefront of society’s discussions
about the future. For this reason, we would like to dedicate the volume to the
care workers who saved many lives and to those whose lives were lost to the
Coronavirus pandemic of 2020.
Philip Booth and Elizabeth Tingle
June 2020
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List of Figures
2.1 The weighing of souls, with the Virgin Mary intervening, mid- 14th century, St
Botolph, Slapton, Northamptonshire. Logically the Virgin does not practice the
rosary, so the beads used in her intervention here reflect the lifetime pieties of
the devotee in preparation for judgement. © Stephen Bates 82
2.2 The three living and the three dead, 15th century, St Giles, Packwood,
Warwickshire. The figures are unusually positioned here on either side of the
chancel arch, making them a central feature of the painted scheme of the
church and (probably) associating them with a scene of the Last Judgement.
© Stephen Bates 84
2.3 The cadaver monument to Bishop Richard Foxe (d. 1528), Winchester
Cathedral. The striking image of a disintegrating body intentionally contrasts
with the reputation of the wealthy statesman and cleric in an act of abjection
designed to unsettle the viewer. © Stephen Bates 86
2.4 Faith, St Mary & All Saints, Willingham, Cambridgeshire, early 16th century.
The virtue is anthropomorphised as a woman holding a chalice in one hand
and a cross in the other. The image forms part of a scheme in which the biblical
virtues on the south wall of the nave face the cardinal virtues painted on the
north wall. © Stephen Bates 89
2.5 Death of the Virgin, alabaster panel, 37.6 × 24.2 cm, late 15th century. A.9-1 946.
Mary passes a palm branch to the beardless apostle John. It symbolised her
victory over sin and death: like the martyrs, who also carry palms, her soul will
go directly to heaven. Her deathbed is a pious, serene, and communal event.
© Victoria and Albert Museum, UK. Reproduced with permission 101
7.1 Patterns of Sovereign Patronage on Mount Athos in the Late Middle Ages.
Created by the author on the basis of Google Maps 210
7.2 Present- day view of the Monastery of Dionysiou, from the west. Photo taken by
Zachary Chitwood, September 2019 212
7.3 Artistic rendering of the Monastery of Dionysiou, with captions showing the
various parts of the monastic grounds. Printed at Venice in 1780. Display from
the Byzantine Museum of Culture in Thessaloniki. Photo taken by Zachary
Chitwood, September 2019 214
7.4 Present- day view of the Monastery of St Paul, from the west. Photo taken by
Zachary Chitwood, September 2019 221
7.5 Wooden commemorative register (brebeion) from the Church of Forty Martyrs,
near Saranda (contemporary southern Albania), 1593– 4. Display from the
Byzantine Museum of Culture in Thessaloniki. Photo taken by Zachary
Chitwood, September 2019 223
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