A colourful addition to the spider fauna of Victoria: The peacock spider 'Maratus splendens' (Rainbow, 1896) (Araneae: Salticidae)

2013·2.1 MB·English

Research Reports
A
colourful addition to the spider fauna ofVictoria: the peacock
spiderMaratussplendens (Rainbow, 1896) (Araneae: Salticidae)
u
David DeAngelis HayleyDavis3 BradleyJenner4and Jordan deJong5
, ,
'AppliedBotany,ZoologyandEcologicalConsulting,Suite1,4BrisbaneStreet,Eltham,Victoria3095
Correspondingauthoremail:[email protected]
2LaTrobeWildlifeSanctuary,LaTrobeUniversity,Bundoora,Victoria3086
3SchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,DeakinUniversity,Burwood,Victoria3125
45EarlyPlace,Boronia,Victoria3155
departmentolSciences,MuseumVictoria,Melbourne,Victoria3001
Abstract
Jumping spiders belonging lo the endemic Australian genusMaratus arcpopularly referred to aspeacock
spiders,socalledfordieremarkablecourtshipdisplaysoftheoftenbrightlycolouredmales.Several Maratus
splendenswerefoundinBuldahStateForest,EastGippslandin2011and2013,representingthefirstrecordsof
thisspeciesfromVictoria. Untilrecently,thisspecieswasknown onlyfromaroundSydney.Whileadegreeof
cautionshouldbeexercisedwheneverimplyingpossiblenewdistributionalrecordsbasedonsinglelocalities,
itisconsidered mostlikelythat thisdiscoveryrepresentsagenuineexpansionintheknownrangeofMaratus
splendens.DetailsarealsoprovidedforapreviouslyunpublishedrecordfromthecentralcoastofNewSouth
Wales.(77icVictorianNaturalist 130(6)2013,224-231)
Keywords:Maratussplendens peacockspider,firstrecords, EastGippsland
,
Introduction
Maratmums splendens is a relatively small (males tae (Otto and Hill2011, 2012a, c), oneorboth
to 4 long) (Otto and Hill 2011) member ofwhichareutilisedaspartofsignallingstrate-
ofa genus ofjumping spiders (Salticidae) be- gies (Hill2009). Both legsignallingandthefan
lieved to be endemic to Australia where it has danceare typicalofcourtshipdisplaysbymale
undergone considerable speciation (Patoleta Maratussplendens.AdetaileddescriptionofM.
and Zabka 1999; Richardson et al 2006). The splendens courtship repertoire is provided by
genus Maratus currently comprises 21 de- HillandOtto(2011).
scribedspecies,allofwhicharesexuallydimor- The presence in male M. splendens of a
phic, andthe trait that defines thegenus is the slightly curved transverse band of dark, iri-
possession by males ofa dorsal opisthosomal descent scales on the cephalothorax between
(abdominal) plate ofvarying ornateness (Otto the postero-lateral eyes (Fig. 1) is the primary
and Hill 2012a). This plate is characteristically characteristic usedtoreadilydistinguish males
displayed by elevating the opisthosoma dur- ofthisspeciesfromthoseofthe closelyrelated
ing often elaborate courtship and sometimes and morphologically similar M. pavonis (Hill
agonistic behaviours (Girard et al 2011; Otto and Otto 2011). The iridescence of this band
and Hill 2012a, b). In most species (including is highly directional, with reflectance ranging
M. splendens)ythisplate bearsapairofflexible from steel blue to black. In addition to this,
lateralflapsthatareunfurledduringdisplays.A the band is situated within a scarlet scale-
prominentaspectofMaratus signallingrituals field, which occupies and extends just beyond
hasbeencoinedtheTandance’,resemblingthat the ocular quadrangle where it abuts a small,
ofmale peacocks. Accordingly, species within whitepostero-dorsal scale patch (HillandOtto
this genus are often referred toas peacockspi- 2011
).
ders(Waldock 1993;Hill2009). Until recently, AT splendens was known only
Another majorattributeofthemalesofmany from the Sydney region; however, the type lo-
Maratus species is the possession ofrelatively cality provided by Rainbow (1896) was sub-
elongated and ornamented third legs that ter- sequently identified as being in Lane Cove
minatewithasectionofvibrantwhitetarsalse- NationalPark(HillandOtto2011)andtheKu-
224 TheVictorianNaturalist
Research Reports
Fig. 1. Male Maralus splendens
found at the Tennyson Camping
Area in January 2011, showing
characteristic transverse band of
dark iridescent scales between
the postero-lateral eyes (arrow).
PhotobyJordandeJong.
Newcastle-5
*
-
Sydney
Fig.2.KnowndistributionofMaratus
splendensineastern Australiainclud-
Wollongong ing the newVictorian records, those
from near the type locality (Sydney)
7 and a previouslyunpublished record
from thecentral coast ofNewSouth
J7 Wales.
j
/
Legend
Orbost
NewVictorianlocality
A Knownrecordsattypelocality
P.Robinson(2011)
3015 0 30 60 90
Scale12.500,000
Vol 130 (6) 2013 225
1
ResearchReports
rHiilnlg-2g0a1i1W)i(lFdifg.lo2w).er Garden, St Ives (Otto and dTeatbelcete1d.AatpptrhoexTiemnantyesnonumCbaemrpsionfgMAarreaatuisns2p0l1e1ndaennds
This reportdocumentstheincidental discov- 2013.
eryofM.splendensinBuldahStateForestwhile
undertaking surveys for frogs in the wider Date Numberofindividualsdetected
Males Females
Cann Valley, East Gippsland, in January 2011,
and the results offurther searches undertaken 7January201 1 0
there in January 2013. Possible reasons for the 16January2013 10 1
species’ occurrence at the site and the lack of 23January2013 6 4
previousrecordsfromVictoriaarediscussed.
GumEucalyptus viminalis andGippslandPep-
Observations permint E. croajingolensis (B Jenner unpubl.
A single maleM. splendens was recorded on 7 data 2012). Additionalcharacteristics included
January2011 attheTennyson CampingAreain a tall, open secondary tree stratum of Black-
BuldahStateForest(37°14'32.9"S,149°7r1.5"E), woodAcacia melanoxylon above a patchy un-
approximately 35 km north ofthe Cann River derstorey of shrubs, ferns, grasses, herbs and
township (Fig. 2). The campground is located bryophytes. Even though the adjacent vegeta-
within a montane, deeply dissected valleyand tion was relatively dense, site attributes were
ridge landscape among extensive indigenous consistent with the claim by Richardson et al.
vegetation. (2006) that Maratus species typically occur in
Additional individuals were detected upon areas with relatively sparse vegetation cover.
threeoftheauthors returningtothe sitetofur- The site also largelylackedunderstoreyvegeta-
therverify therecordinJanuary2013 (Table 1), tion andwasdominatedby indigenous leaflit-
alongwithasinglemaleM.pavonis.Thesewere ter, interspersed with small herbs and grasses.
locatedbyactivelysearchingonthegroundand This corresponds to the description by Hill
among vegetation for 2 to 4 hours (between (2009) and Ottoand Hill (2012a,c) ofMaratus
1100 and 1700 hrs) on each occasion, close to asinhabitantsofareassupportinggroundlitter/
where the original spider was found. A diesel woody debris and low shrubs. Most individu-
carenginewasalsoleftrunningfortenminutes alswerefoundonaccumulatedleaflitter,twigs,
over leaflitter at the site, enabling the collec- groundvegetationandstripsofbarkwithin 100
mm
tion ofspidersthat emerged in response to the to200 oflogsthathadbeenplacedaround
vibrations (D Hirstcited inShield2001;Raven theedgeofthecampingarea(Fig. 3).
andStumkat2003). Figuresfrontcover,4and 5respectivelyshow
Several individuals were photographed and, male and female M. splendens found at the
where possible, females distinguished from campingareain2011 and2013. One maleand
similarlycoloured (brown) immaturemales by twofemaleswerecollectedon23 January2013
theirlargersizeandlackofenlargedpalpaltarsi. forsubmission toMuseumVictoria(specimen
Brown individuals observed being courted by numbers MVK11746 and MVK11748-49 re-
mature maleswere also assumedto befemales spectively).
given thatdisplays have not been documented
betweenmaleM.splendenswhenincloseprox- Discussion
imitytoeach other(OttoandHill2012b). The discovery of Maratus splendens in East
All individuals were found atthe edge ofan Gippslandrepresentsthemostsoutherlydocu-
artificialforestclearing (approx. 1200 nr) on a mented record for this species, which despite
headwater fluvial terrace associated with Ten- having been described over a century ago
nyson Creek. Tall, sclerophyllous vegetation (Rainbow 1896), was known only from the
surrounded the clearing, comprising floris- Sydney region until recently (Hill and Otto
tic communities corresponding to Damp and 2011; Otto and Hill2011). The Sydneyrecords
R(iidpeanrtiiafniedFourseisntgEdceoslcorgiipctailonVsegbeytaDtiaovniesClaetssaels asroentChreeecklo,sbesetinkgnaopwpnrotxoimthaetelloyca4t2i0onkamtTfuerntnhye-r
2002).ThecanopywasdominatedbyManna north-east.
226 TheVictorianNaturalist
Research Reports
Fig. 3. Location wherethemajorityofMaratussplendens were detectedattheTennyson Camping Area, 23
January2013.
Fig. 4. Displayingmale Maratussplendensobserved Fig.5.FemaleMaratussplendensfoundattheTenny-
at the Tennyson Camping Area in January 2013. sonCampingAreainJanuary2013.PhotobyHayley
PhotobyHayleyDavis. Davis.
Vol 130 (6) 2013 227
Research Reports
Although the possibility ofthe species having thatithas a muchwiderdistribution than had
been inadvertently introduced to the camp- originallybeen reported.
ground cannot be ruled out, it is considered ThereareseveralpossiblereasonsastowhyM.
morelikelythatitisindigenoustothesitegiven splendenshasnotbeenrecordedwithinVictoria
thenumberotindividualsfound,remotenessof previously.Firstly,thespeciesmaybearelative-
thearea,relativedifficultyofaccessanddistance lyrecentarrivalasaresultofbeingtransported
from human habitation. The likelihood ofan by sufficiently powerful weather systems. Spi-
introductionisfurtherreducedbytheapparent ders are reported to be efficient passive aerial
irregular and infrequent amount ofvisitation dispersers using amethod termed ‘ballooning
to Tennyson campground, generally beingac- (Endingetal. 2010),wherebysilkfilamentsare
cessibleonlybyfour-wheel-drivevehicleindry released to create a frictional drag in updrafts
weather (DSE 2008). Apart from a single land to enable buoyancy (Humphrey 1987). While
managementcontractor,nootherpersonswere there are reports of ballooning dispersal in
observed passing through the campground salticids (see Horner 1974 and Greenstone et
duringthefourdaysoffieldworktherein2011, al. 1987), it is generally recognised that litter-
despite it being during a summer holiday pe- dwellingjumpingspidersaremediocredispers-
riod when the two-wheel-drive-accessible Ada erswith limited ballooningcapability(Patoleta
River campground (approximately 3 km south andZabka 1999; Richardson etal.2006). How-
of Errinundra) was near capacity. Similarly, ever, high levels of habitat disturbance have
onlyone passing visitor and two DSE mainte- been shown to lead to increased levels ofbal-
nance vehicles were seen at the campground looning (Ending et al. 2010), and associated
overfour daysin January2013 (H Davis, D De landscape altering practices such as farming
Angelisand BJennerpers.obs.). and forestrymayhave facilitatedM. splendens
Modified features at the site including the dispersalthroughoutsouthernAustralia.
openvegetationstructuremaintainedbyslash- Severalstudieshavefoundrainfalltobeama-
ing and placement of perimeter logs around jor factor influencing spider abundance, with
the edge ofthe clearing may have influenced corresponding increases in population abun-
the microhabitat suitability for salticids. Fac- dances following periods ofparticularly high
tors associated with such characteristics (e.g. rainfall (Spillerand Schoener 1995; Shochat et
litter accumulation) have been found to sup- al. 2004; Langlands et al. 2006). Such weather
port higher spider abundances (Castro and conditions typically increasevegetativegrowth
Wise 2010; Varady-Szabo and Buddie 2006), and invertebratepreyabundanceswhichcanin
possiblyduetoincreasedpreyabundancesand turn increase spider survivorship, especially at
by providing sites for nest placement (Hoefler times when individuals are usually vulnerable
and Jakob 2006; Richman and Jackson 1992). or exposed (i.e. during courtship or dispersal)
For salticids, these features may also provide (Spiller and Schoener 1995; Polis et al. 1998;
extravantagepointsandopenareaswheretheir Langlands et al. 2006). Eastern Australia ex-
acute vision (Blest et al 1981; Land 1969a, b) perienced an atypically strong LaNina period
could be betteremployed to facilitate activities from 2010 to 2012, in which 2010 was notably
such ashunting(Forster 1982; Hill2010; Tarsi- the third wettest year in recorded Australian
tano2006) andsignalling (HDavispers. obs.). history (BoM 2012). These recent Victorian
Maratus splendens has been detected at two records ofM. splendens may therefore be the
other locations distant from the type local- outcome of a proliferation response from an
itysince 2011; the first specimen being photo- otherwise undetected population to the po-
graphed at BennettsGreeninNewcastle, NSW tentially favourable climatic conditions expe-
(P Robinson unpubl. data 2011) (Fig. 2), and rienced across much of its range. While this
the second at Mt. Cooke in Western Australia provides a possible explanation for the recent
(Otto and Hill 2012a). Given the distance be- observations, interestingly, several Maratus
tween localities and range ofhabitats in which speciesinthevicinityofSydneywereobserved
this species has sofar beenfound, it is evident in lower abundances during the 2010-2012 La
228 TheVictorianNaturalist
Research Reports
Ninaeventcomparedtothepriordroughtperi- contributedtothescarcityofrecordsawayfrom
od,possiblyasaresultofthewetterconditions thetypelocality.ItalsosharesanumberofsimMi-
(JOtto2013,pers.comm.). larexternalfeatureswiththemorecommon
Richardson et al. (2006) report that the esti- pavonis, and it is therefore plausible that some
mated bioclimatic envelope ofMaratus gener- historical Victorian M. pavonis records may
allyfollows a Bassian distribution, and species have actuallybeen misidentified M. splendens.
have been recorded from the east, south-east Indeed, there has been much confusion his-
and south-west ofthe continent. Their biocli- torically concerning museum records ofthese
matic evaluation potentially provides insight two species, with specimens catalogued as M.
into the circumstances surrounding the recent splendenslaterre-identifiedasM. pavonis (Hill
M. splendens record from Western Australia andOtto 2011).
(Otto and Hill 2012a) as well as those from The Maratus genus shows a substantial
Victoria, with both occurring inside their amount of interspecific morphological diver-
predicted distribution. Given the bioclimatic sity, especiallywith respect toopisthosomalor-
envelope includes suitable environmental namentation(OttoandHill2011,2012b,c).Itis
parameters for M. splendens, it seems highly becoming increasingly apparent that there are
likely that this species has been present, yet extant species ecotypes, such as two recently
remained unnoticed in areas throughout this described for M. pavonis and another for M.
modelled distribution. Accurate bioclimatic plumosusspecies(sp.B) (Ottoand Hill2012a,c;
modeling is dependent on the existence of 2013).Thisvariationhasthepotentialtofurther
comprehensive distributional records, as well confound accurate identification, and without
as the ability to relate these to various envi- specimensorphotographs to confirm orrefute
ronmental factors (Peterson and Lieberman records, thereisnowayofknowingifmisiden-
2012). However, a general lack of knowledge tificationshaveoccurred.
and insufficient survey effort concerning in- The mesic regions ofAustralia reported tobe
vertebrates isprevalent (New etal 2012),even occupied by Maratus (Richardson et al 2006)
though they are a dominant feature ofglobal may be susceptible to the negative impacts
speciesdiversity (Langlandsetal 2006). Inad- caused by long or frequent droughts, and cli-
dition, Richardsonetal(2006)warn ofthepo- matic modelling predicts that the frequency
tentiallybiasednatureofthedatausedfortheir offuture El Nino droughtevents will continue
models, reporting that the majority ofstudies increasing, coinciding with the current trends
have focused on relatively mesic ecosystems. in greenhouse gas emissions (Timmermann et
ThisimpliesthatMaratuscould extend beyond al 1999; Nicholls2004,2012). Richardsonetal
what these models suggest (e.g. encompassing (2006) used bioclimatic modeling to estimate
more arid landscapes); a possibilitywhich has Maratusdistribution,providing auseful tool in
beensupportedbytherecentdiscoveryand in- predicting the effects that climate change may
clusion oftaxa in the genus with distributions have on the genus. Similarly, Beaumont and
thatextendintoaridand/ortropicalareassuch Hughes (2002) used bioclimatic modeling to
asM. chrysomelas(Waldock2002; Otto 2013, study the effects that climate change mayhave
J.
pers.comm.),andonewhichshouldbeconsid- onthedistributionsofbutterflies(Lepidoptera).
ered ifseeking to establish more accurate taxa They found that even taxa with relatively large
distributionboundaries. bioclimatic envelopes (comparable to Mara-
The Victorian records may also be the result tus) have the potential to be adversely affected
ofa pole-wards range shift in response to cli- by climate change, with resultant influences
matechange;however, dueto thedeficiencyof on habitat suitability leading to range contrac-
recordselsewhereandthelackofmorein-depth tionsandhabitatfragmentation (Beaumontand
ecological studies concerning this species, it is Hughes 2002). A change in habitat suitability
impossible to determineifsuch a shift islikely due toclimatechange mayimpactsurvivorship
tobeoccurring(Hicklingetal2006). of M. splendens indirectly (Thomas 2010) by
Finally, the small size and associated incon- causing fluctuations in ecosystem productivity,
spicuousness ofM. splendens is likely to have withsubsequentalterationstopreyabundances.
Vol 130 (6) 2013 229
.
ResearchReports
Without further appraisal ofdistributional in- EndingMH,StiimpfliKandOvaskainenO(2010)Increased
formation, habitat parameters or population propensity for aerial dispersal in disturbed habitats due
tointraspecificvariation andspeciesturnover. Oikos 120,
dynamics,however,itisdifficulttoidentifyhow 1099-1109.
climate changeorotherpotentiallythreatening Forster LM (1982) Vision and prey-catching strategies in
processesarelikelytoimpactspeciessuchasM. GijruamrdpiMnBg,sKpiadseursm.oAvmiecrMicManaSncdienEtliisats7D0,O1(6250-1117)5.Multi-Mo-
splendensforwhich such quantitativeinforma- dalCourtshipinthePeacockSpider,Maratusvolans(O.P.-
tionislacking(Newetal.2012). Cnaalm.bproindeg.e0,021583794)0.(PolnoSliOneN1ED6e,cee2m53b9e0r.2D0O1I2.)10.1371/jour-
Much remains to be discoveredabout the di- Greenstone Mil, Morgan CE, Hultsch A, Farrow RA and
versity, distribution and ecology ofMaratusin NDeowwseSoJuF.t(h19W8a7l)esB,alAluosotnrianligas;piFdaemrisliynaMinsdsomuaris,sUdSiAst,riabnud-
general. This is highlighted by the known ex- tions.JournalofAmchnolagy51,163-170.
istence ofat least 20 species (Waldock 2007), HicklingR. RoyDB,HillIK,FoxRandThomasCD(2006)
Thedistributionsofawideraneeoftaxonomicgroupsare
though only eight had been described prior expandingpolewards.GlobalChangeBiology12,450-455.
to the recent elevation ofthe genus to include HillDE(2009)Kuophryinejumpingspidersthatextendtheir
SaaintiusmabnedrLyocfidsapsec(iOetstoparnevdioHiulslly201a2sas)i.gnGeidvetno HilntlaheiD:rdEMlae(rg2as0t1du0us)r>iTSnaagrilgcieost)u.erdtPsejhcuikmphp(asAmribaayne7sa4ae.l1t:i,cSia1dl-t2si7pd.iddaeer:sE(uAorpahnreyaie-:
the relatively inconspicuous nature of Mara- HilSlalDtiEddaaen:dPOhtidtioppJuCs)(.2P01e1c)khVaimsiuaal84d,is1p-l3a5y.by male Mara-
tus splendens and sporadic distribution ofthe tuspavonis(Dunn 1947)andMaratussplendens(Rainbow
current known records, it is considered most 11-84916.)(Araneae:Saltiddae:Euophryinae).Peckhamia89.1,
likelythat it haspreviouslybeen overlooked in HoeflerCDandJakobEM(2006)Jumpingspidersinspace:
Victoria, and that further surveys may reveal movement patterns, nest site fidelity and the useofbea-
additional records ofthis and other species of Hocronnes.rANnVima(1l9B7e4h)avAinonuural71,ae1ri0a9l-1d1i6sp.ersal ofjumpingspi-
Maratus in East Gippsland and possibly other dersinOklahoma(Araneae,Saltiddae).JournalofArach-
partsofthestate. Hunmoplohgrye2y,I1A0C1!(110958.7)Fluidmechanicconstraintsonspider
Acknowledgements LabnadllMooFnin(g1.96O9cae)olSotgriuact7u3r,e4o6f9-r4e7t7i.naeofthe principaleyes
TheauthorswouldparticularlyliketothankDavidE ofjumpingspiders(Saltiddae:Dendryphantinae) inrela-
HillandJurgenOttoforconfirmingourinitialiden- tion to visual optics. Journalof Experimental Biology51,
atinfdicastuiponp,orrteivnigewiitsngpuabnliecaraltiieorn.drTafwtoofatnhoenmyamnouuscsrirepft- La4n4d3-M4F70.(1969b)Movementsoftheretinaeofjumpingspi-
erees provided additional constructive comments ders (Saltiddae: Dendryphantinae) in response to visual
andsuggestions.ThankstoGregJamesforproviding Lasntgilmualnid.sJPoRu,rnBarleonfnEaxnpeKrEimCenatnadlPBeiaorlsogoyn5D1J,(427010-64)93Sp.iders,
initial assistancewith mapping and Kathy Himbcck spinifex,rainfallandfire:Long termchangesinanaridspi-
for producing the final distribution map. Graham derassemblage.JournalofAridEnvironments67,36-59.
Milledge, Jurgen Otto, Peter Robinson and Colin NewTR, Van Praagh HD and Yen AL (2012) Invertebrate
Silvey provided details ofMaratus specimens from conservationstatusand thelimitsofreliableinformation:
NSW. examplesfromVictoria,Australia.'IheVictorianNaturalist
129,68-76.
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