Table Of ContentA Colour Handbook of
Oral
Medicine
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A Colour Handbook of
Oral
Medicine
MICHAEL A.O. LEWIS PhD, BDS, FDSRCPS (Glas),
FDSRCS (Edin), FDSRCS (Eng), FRCPath
Professor of Oral Medicine
University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
RICHARD C.K. JORDAN DDS, MSc, PhD, FRCDC, Diplomate
Am B Oral & Max Pathology, Diplomate Am B Oral Medicine
Associate Professor of Oral Pathology and Pathology
University of California San Francisco, California, USA
MANSON
PUBLISHING
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ISBN: Hardback 1–84076–032–X
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Contents
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
A symptom-based approach to
diagnosis
History
Clinical examination
Normal structures
Special investigation of orofacial
disease
Salivary gland investigations
2 ULCERATION
General approach
Traumatic ulceration
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Behçet’s disease
Cyclic neutropenia
Squamous cell carcinoma
Necrotizing sialometaplasia
Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative
gingivitis
Erosive lichen planus
Lichenoid reaction
Graft versus host disease
Radiotherapy-induced
mucositis
Osteoradionecrosis
3 BLISTERS
General approach
Primary herpetic
gingivostomatitis
Recurrent herpes simplex
infection
Chickenpox and shingles
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Herpangina
Epidermolysis bullosa
Mucocele
Erythema multiforme
Mucous membrane
pemphigoid
Pemphigus
Linear IgA disease
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Angina bullosa hemorrhagica
4 WHITE PATCHES
General approach
Lichen planus
Lichenoid reaction
Lupus erythematosus
Chemical burn
Pseudomembranous
candidosis (thrush, candidiasis)
Chronic hyperplastic candidosis
(candidal leukoplakia)
White sponge nevus
Dyskeratosis congenita
Frictional keratosis
Nicotinic stomatitis
(smoker’s keratosis)
Leukoplakia
Squamous cell carcinoma
Skin graft
Hairy leukoplakia
Pyostomatitis vegetans
Submucous fibrosis
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79
80
5 ERYTHEMA
General approach
Post-radiotherapy mucositis
Contact hypersensitivity
reaction
Lichen planus
Acute erythematous (atrophic)
candidosis (candidiasis)
Geographic tongue (benign
migratory glossitis, erythema
migrans)
Median rhomboid glossitis
(superficial midline glossitis)
Angular cheilitis
Iron deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Folic acid (folate) deficiency
Chronic erythematous (atrophic)
candidosis (candidiasis)
Erythroplakia
Squamous cell carcinoma
Infectious mononucleosis
(glandular fever)
6 SWELLING
General approach
Bacterial sialadenitis
Viral sialadenitis (mumps)
Sialosis (sialadenosis)
Mucocele and ranula
Salivary gland tumor (major
gland)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Crohn’s disease
Orofacial granulomatosis
Paget’s disease (osteitis
deformans)
Acromegaly
Fibroepithelial polyp (focal
fibrous hyperplasia,
irritation fibroma)
Drug-induced gingival
hyperplasia
Focal epithelial hyperplasia
(Heck’s disease)
Salivary gland tumor (minor
gland)
Denture-induced hyperplasia
(denture granuloma)
Pyogenic granuloma (pregnancy
epulis)
Peripheral giant cell granuloma
(giant cell epulis)
Squamous papilloma
Infective warts (verruca
vulgaris, condylomata
acuminata)
Bone exostosis
Sialolith (salivary stone)
Tongue piercing
Lymphoma
7 PIGMENTATION
(INCLUDING BLEEDING)
General approach
Amalgam tattoo (focal
agyrosis)
Hemangioma (vascular nevus)
Sturge–Weber syndrome
Melanocytic nevus (pigmented
nevus)
Melanotic macule
Malignant melanoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Hereditary hemorrhagic
telangiectasia (Rendu–
Osler–Weber disease)
Physiologic pigmentation
Addison’s disease
Betel nut/pan chewing
Peutz–Jegher’s syndrome
Black hairy tongue
Drug-induced pigmentation
Smoker-associated melanosis
Thrombocytopenia
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145
146
147
8 OROFACIAL PAIN
(INCLUDING SENSORY AND
MOTOR DISTURBANCE)
General approach
Trigeminal neuralgia
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Post-herpetic neuralgia
Giant cell arteritis
Burning mouth syndrome
Atypical facial pain
Atypical odontalgia
Temporomandibular joint
dysfunction (TMJ
dysfunction)
Facial nerve palsy (Bell’s
palsy)
Trigeminal nerve paresthesia
or anesthesia
9 DRY MOUTH, EXCESS
SALIVATION, COATED
TONGUE, HALITOSIS, AND
ALTERED TASTE
General approach
Xerostomia (dry mouth)
Sjögren’s syndrome
CREST syndrome
Excess salivation (sialorrhea)
Coated tongue
Halitosis (bad breath)
Altered taste
INDEX
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170
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172
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174
ORAL MEDICINE
8
Professor Lewis is especially grateful to Heather
for her love and understanding, not only during
the writing of this book, but also in the past at
the time of many other professional commit-
ments. In addition, special recognition must go
to Professor Derrick Chisholm, Professor of
Dental Surgery, University of Dundee for his
continual guidance and friendship throughout
a period of twenty years.
Dr Jordan is grateful for the support and
patience of his wife Yoon. He is also indebted
to Dr Joseph Regezi of the University of
California San Francisco for helpful discussions
and advice. Special acknowledgement goes to
Dr James Main at the University of Toronto for
many years of education, mentoring, and
friendship. In addition, he kindly provided
some of the clinical illustrations for this book.
Both authors would like to acknowledge the
help of Professor Bill Binnie, Baylor College of
Dentistry, Dallas for his comments on the initial
outline of this book. A particular thank you
must also go to Jill Northcott, Commissioning
Editor at Manson Publishing for her patience
during the preparation and submission of the
material of this book.
Clinical slides were also kindly provided by
Dr Barbara Chadwick, Professor Graham
Ogden, Mr Will McLaughlin, Mr Mike Cassidy,
Professor Phil Lamey, Mr Mike Fardy, and Mr
Andrew Cronin.
Acknowledgements
Preface
such as infection, neoplasia, or developmental
anomaly, rather than on the patient’s sympto-
matic complaint of ulceration, erythema, white
patch, or pain. It is hoped that the reader will
find that the symptom-based approach em-
ployed in this book will be one of practical
value in the clinical diagnosis and management
of patients with oral diseases.
Michael A.O. Lewis
Richard C.K. Jordan
The primary aim of this book is to provide the
clinician with a well-illustrated text that may be
used firstly to assist the diagnosis of those
conditions that fall into the specialty of oral
medicine and secondly to provide a guide to
initial treatment. A number of excellent atlas-
type texts or reference works that comprehen-
sively cover oral diseases are available. However,
these books may be of limited value in the
clinical setting since the material is usually
presented according to the underlying etiology,
ABBREVIATIONS 9
ABH
Angina bullosa hemorrhagica
ACE
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome
ANUG
Acute necrotizing ulcerative
gingivitis
AZT
Azidothymidine
BCG
Bacille Calmette–Guérin
BMS
Burning mouth syndrome
BMT
Bone marrow transplantation
CREST
Subcutaneous calcinosis,
Raynaud’s phenomenon,
esophageal dysfunction,
sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia
CRP
C-reactive protein
CT
Computerized tomography
DLE
Discoid lupus erythematosis
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
EBV
Epstein–Barr virus
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
FBC
Full blood count
FIGlu
Formimino glutamic acid
FTA abs
Fluorescent treponema/antibody
absorbed
GVHD
Graft versus host disease
HAD
Hospital Anxiety and Depression
HHV
Human herpesvirus
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
HLA
Human leukocyte antigen
HPV
Human papillomavirus
HSV
Herpes simplex virus
IF
Immunofluorescence
ITP
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia
KSHV
Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus
LFTs
Liver function tests
MaRAS
Major recurrent aphthous
stomatitis
MCV
Mean corpuscular volume
MiRAS
Minor recurrent aphthous
stomatitis
MMP
Mucous membrane pemphigoid
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
MVD
Microvascular decompression
PSA
Pleomorphic salivary adenoma
PUVA
Psoralen and ultra-violet A
RAS
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis
RAS (HU) Herpetiform recurrent aphthous
stomatitis
RAST
Radio-allergen sorbent test
REAL
Revised European American
lymphoma
SCC
Squamous cell carcinoma
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosis
SS
Sjögren’s syndrome
SSRI
Serotin re-uptake inhibitor
TENS
Transcutaneous electric nerve
stimulation
TMJ
Temporomandibular joint
dysfunction
TPHA
Treponema pallidum
hemagglutination
VDRL
Venereal Diseases Reference
Laboratory
VZV
Varicella zoster virus
WHO
World Health Organization
Abbreviations
