Table Of ContentA Circle of Friends
Balkan Studies Library
Editor-in-Chief
Zoran Milutinović, University College London
Editorial Board
Gordon N. Bardos, Columbia University
Alex Drace-Francis, University of Liverpool
Jasna Dragović-Soso, Goldsmiths, University of London
Christian Voss, Humboldt University, Berlin
Advisory Board
Marie-Janine Calic, University of Munich
Lenard J. Cohen, Simon Fraser University
Radmila Gorup, Columbia University
Robert M. Hayden, University of Pittsburgh
Robert Hodel, Hamburg University
Anna Krasteva, New Bulgarian University
Galin Tihanov, The University of Manchester
Maria Todorova, University of Illinois
Andrew Wachtel, Northwestern University
VOLUME 3
A Circle of Friends
Romanian Revolutionaries and
Political Exile, 1840–1859
By
Angela Jianu
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2011
On the cover: The Constitution, Bucharest, 11 June 1848. Copy after a watercolor
by Costake Petrescu, undated. Reproduced by kind permission of the Museum
of National History, Bucharest, Romania. The text on the flag reads: “Justice,
Brotherhood”, the slogan of the Romanian revolutionaries.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Jianu, Angela.
A circle of friends : Romanian revolutionaries and political exile, 1840–1859 / by
Angela Jianu.
p. cm. — (Balkan studies library, ISSN 1877-6272 ; v. 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-18779-5 (hbk. : acid-free paper) 1. Revolutionaries—Romania—
History—19th century. 2. Revolutionaries—Romania—Biography. 3. Exiles—
Romania—Biography. 4. Exiles—Europe—Biography. 5. Romania—History—
1821–1859—Biography. 6. Romania—History—Revolution, 1848. 7. Romania—
Politics and government—1821–1866. 8. Europe—Politics and government—
1848–1871. 9. Transnationalism—Political aspects—Europe—History—19th century.
10. Nation-building—Europe—History—19th century. I. Title.
DR244.J53 2011
949.8’016—dc22
2011000134
ISSN 1877-6272
ISBN 978 90 04 18779 5
Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission
from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by
Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to
The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910,
Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
For my parents,
Magdalena and Nicolae Jianu
CONTENTS
List of Figures ..................................................................................... ix
List of Abbreviations ......................................................................... xi
Acknowledgements ............................................................................ xiii
Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
PART ONE
STUDENTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES
1844–1848
Jules Michelet, “Madame Rosetti”, 1855 ......................................... 17
1837–1841: Early Diplomatic Ventures .......................................... 28
1844–1848: The Collège de France: Sociability and Protest ....... 33
Jules Michelet and ‘Les Franco-Roumains’: Dumitru Brătianu ... 51
1848 in Paris and Europe ................................................................. 62
1848–1849: Bucharest between St. Petersburg and
Constantinople ............................................................................... 67
A Transylvanian Interlude ................................................................ 90
1848: Epilogue .................................................................................... 93
PART TWO
EXILE
1849–1855
1849, Paris: Early Days in Exile ....................................................... 115
1849: Dumitru Brătianu and the English ‘philo-Romanians’ ..... 127
Hungarians and Romanians in 1849–1850 .................................... 136
April 1849: The Transylvanian Debacle ......................................... 164
July–August 1849 ............................................................................... 167
September 1849 .................................................................................. 172
December 1849 .................................................................................. 175
1850: ‘La Roumanie’ .......................................................................... 178
April–September 1850 ....................................................................... 183
viii contents
1851: London. Mazzini’s European Democratic Committee ...... 189
1851: London-Bucharest-Paris ......................................................... 196
1852: Nantes-Paris-Bucharest .......................................................... 214
1853: Nantes-Paris-London .............................................................. 223
1853: Paris: “Madame Rosetti” ........................................................ 234
1853–1854: Paris: Ion Brătianu and the ‘Hippodrome Affair’ ... 242
1853: Paris-Gallipoli-Constantinople: Rosetti’s War .................... 252
January–February 1854: London ..................................................... 258
January 1854: Serbia .......................................................................... 263
The Crimean War .............................................................................. 273
The Daily News and the Romanian Principalities ........................ 278
The End of the War and the Peace Conference ............................ 285
PART THREE
THE RETURN OF THE EXILES
1856–1857
A Republican Funeral ....................................................................... 291
The Ad-hoc Assemblies and the European Commissioners ....... 293
July 1856 .............................................................................................. 301
6 October: The Brighton Meeting ................................................... 305
1857 ...................................................................................................... 313
The Elections ...................................................................................... 320
1858: The Congress of Paris and the Union of the
Principalities ................................................................................... 326
EPILOGUE
After Exile ........................................................................................... 333
The Uses of the Press ........................................................................ 345
The ‘People Question’ ........................................................................ 350
The Uses of Exile ................................................................................ 353
Liberalism in Romania ...................................................................... 357
Conclusions ......................................................................................... 359
Bibliography ........................................................................................ 363
Index .................................................................................................... 377
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1: Map of the Romanian Principalities, Transylvania and
the Ottoman Empire showing the main locations of the
Moldo-Wallachian revolutionaries in exile, c. 1848–1858 ...... xv
Fig. 2: Marie Rosetti as Revolutionary Romania by Constantin
D. Rosenthal, c. 1850. Reproduced by kind permission of
the National Art Museum, Bucharest, Romania ...................... 16
Fig. 3: Constantin D. Rosenthal, Portrait of Marie Rosetti,
undated (c. 1850) (Oil on synthetic slate) Reproduced by
kind permission of the National Art Museum, Bucharest,
Romania .......................................................................................... 114
