Table Of Content

Roth Jacket Front Page 1 Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:52 PM GGiizzaa MMaassttaabbaass VVoolluummee 66 EEddiitteedd bbyy PPeetteerr DDeerr MMaannuueelliiaann aanndd WWiilllliiaamm KKeellllyy SSiimmppssoonn AA CCeemmeetteerryy ooff PPaallaaccee AAtttteennddaannttss Including g 2084–2099, g 2230+2231, and g 2240 Ann Macy Roth Department of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, and Near Eastern Art Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 0-ROTH Frontmatter Page i Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:01 PM Giza Mastabas Volume 6 A Cemetery of Palace Attendants 0-ROTH Frontmatter Page ii Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:01 PM Photograph taken in 1939 for a news story on Reisner’s work. The headrest on the table is from mastaba g 2094 and the alabaster cylinder jar is from g 2089. George Andrew Reisner is sec- ond from the left, accompanied by Francis O. Allen, Hansmartin Handrick, Nicholas Melni- koff, and Reis Mohammed Said Ahmed at the far right (b 9021) 0-ROTH Frontmatter Page iii Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:01 PM Giza Mastabas Volume 6 Edited by Peter Der Manuelian and William Kelly Simpson A Cemetery of Palace Attendants Including g 2084–2099, g 2230+2231, and g 2240 Ann Macy Roth Based upon the Recording of The Harvard University–Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Expedition: George Andrew Reisner, Mohammed Said Ahmed, Norman de Garis Davies, William Stevenson Smith, and others (1905–1906 and 1936–1939) With Contributions by the Expedition Staffs of the Giza Mastabas Project: (August 1987, July–August 1989, and May–June 1990) Department of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, and Near Eastern Art Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1995 0-ROTH Frontmatter Page iv Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:01 PM Front jacket illustration: g 2091, tomb of Kapi, pillar, east face, showing the tomb owner’s name and titles (April 3, 1931). Photograph by Museum Expedition (see pl. 45; a 6431) Back jacket illustration: View of the Western Cemetery at Giza, looking northwest from the top of the Great Pyramid (November 16, 1993). Photograph by Peter Der Manuelian (93.131.13) Frontispiece: Photograph taken in 1939, showing George Andrew Reisner accompanied by Francis O. Allen, Hansmartin Handrick, Nicholas Melnikoff, and Reis Mohammed Said Ahmed (January 4, 1939). Photograph by Museum Expedition (b 9021) Endpapers: Overview plan of the Giza Necropolis, showing the location of the cemetery of palace attendants (drawing by Peter Der Manuelian) Typeset in Adobe Garamond and Syntax, with special characters designed by Nigel Strudwick and Peter Der Manuelian Edited, typeset, designed and produced by Peter Der Manuelian Published with the assistance of the Getty Grant Program Copyright © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1995 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, without permission in writing from the publisher isbn 0-87846-385-2 Manufactured in the United States of America by Henry N. Sawyer Company Charlestown, Massachusetts 0-ROTH Frontmatter Page v Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:01 PM For Everett v 0-ROTH Frontmatter Page vii Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:01 PM CONTENTS Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Wall construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Tomb types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Architraves and roofing blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Ceilings and roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Flooring of chapels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Subterranean Architecture and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Placement of Decoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Techniques of Decoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 List of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Chapter 2: History and Dating of the Cluster . . . . . . . . 23 List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii The Sequence of Mastaba Construction . . . . . . . . . . 23 Phase i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Phase ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Phase iii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Summary of Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Phase iv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Designations of Tombs, Shafts, Chambers, Serdabs and Alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Dynastic Dating of the tombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 The Excavation of the Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Later Activity in the Cemetery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Original Expedition Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Reis’s Diary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Chapter 3: The Tomb Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Tomb Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Human Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Giza Manuscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Names in the Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 The Floroff Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Title ∞ntj-ß and the Hierarchy of the Tomb Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Epigraphic Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Title ∞ntj-ß and Musicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Object Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Other Clues to the Nature of the Title ∞ntj-ß . . . . . . . 42 Expedition Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Family Relationships of Tomb Owners . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Other Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Sons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Recent Work on the Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Wives and Daughters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Conventions of Citation, Reference, and Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Comparative Iconography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Citation conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Epigraphic conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Chapter 4: Patterns of Tomb Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Photographic conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The Distribution of Resources in the Cluster . . . . . . 49 The New Plans and Sections of the Cluster . . . . . . . 8 Mastaba area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Plans (Michael Jones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Mastaba position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 North-South Section of the Cluster Chapel shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 (Michael Jones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Casing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 East–West Section of Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Decoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Serdabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Subterranean volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Part I: Analysis of the Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Grave goods and mummification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Chapter 1: Description of the Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 The Architecture of the Mastabas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 vii 0-ROTH Frontmatter Page viii Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:01 PM A CEMETERY OF PALACE ATTENDANTS Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Part II: Catalogue of Individual Mastabas . . . . . . . 59 Conservation (Pamela Hatchfield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Anonymous Tomb: Mastaba g 2084 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 The Tomb of Ka-khent and Pehen-Ptah: Mastaba g 2088 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Excavation and Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Anonymous Tomb: Mastaba g 2085 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Tomb owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Conservation (Pamela Hatchfield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Subsidiary Mastabas: g 2088a and g 2088b . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 The Tomb of Redi: Mastaba g 2086 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 The Tomb of Nefer-ked: Mastaba g 2089 . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Tomb owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Conservation (Pamela Hatchfield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Anonymous Tomb: Mastaba g 2086a Tomb owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 (= 2083 in some notes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Anonymous Tomb: Mastaba g 2089a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Anonymous Tomb: Mastaba g 2087 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 The Tomb of Kapi: Mastaba g 2091 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 viii 0-ROTH Frontmatter Page ix Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:01 PM CONTENTS Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Tomb owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Conservation (Pamela Hatchfield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 The Tomb of Za-ib: Mastaba g 2092+2093 . . . . . . . . . . .105 The Tomb of Nimaatre: Mastaba g 2097 . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Tomb owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Tomb owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Conservation (Pamela Hatchfield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Conservation (Pamela Hatchfield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 The Tomb of Nimaatre/Tut: Mastaba g 2092a . . . . . . . . 114 The Tomb of Tjezet and her Husband: Mastaba g 2097' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Decoration of the Chapel and its Date . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Subsidiary Buildings: g 2097a, 2097b, 2097c and “1903” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Anonymous Tomb: Mastaba g 2094 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Recent Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Excursus: “g 1903 x” or “g 2091 x” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Anonymous Tombs: Mastabas g 2095 and g 2095' . . . . . 121 The Tomb of Nefer-Khuwi: Mastaba g 2098 . . . . . . . . . 142 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 Anonymous Mastaba Extension: Mastaba g 2096 . . . . . 125 Tomb owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Conservation (Pamela Hatchfield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 ix 0-ROTH Frontmatter Page x Thursday, August 24, 2000 6:01 PM A CEMETERY OF PALACE ATTENDANTS The Tomb of Raramu: Mastaba g 2099 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 The Tomb of Nefer-mesdjer-Khufu: Mastaba g 2240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Serdab statues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Other Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Tomb owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Tomb owner and Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Conservation (Pamela Hatchfield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Anonymous Tomb: Mastaba g 2230+2231 . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Summary of Reisner’s Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 I. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 II. Giza mastabas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Shafts and Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 III. Personal names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 IV. Egyptian words, phrases, titles, and epithets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Decoration of the Chapel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Conservation (Pamela Hatchfield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Plates x

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A Cemetery of Palace Attendants Including g 2084–2099, g 2230+2231, and g 2240 PDF

430 Pages·1995·56.542 MB·English
by  Ann Macy Roth
#History #Archaeology
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Author:Ann Macy Roth
Publication Year:1995
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Pages:430
Language:English
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