Table Of ContentA Call to Arms
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A Call to Arms
Propaganda, Public Opinion, and
Newspapers in the Great War
EDITED BY TROY R. E. PADDOCK
Perspectives on the Twentieth Century
Edward R. Beauchamp, Series Adviser
P R A E G E R Westport, Connecticut
LLoonnddoonn
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A call to arms : propaganda, public opinion, and newspapers in the Great War
/ edited by Troy R. E. Paddock.
p. cm. (Perspectives on the twentieth century, ISSN 1538-9626)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-275-97383-2 (alk. paper)
1. World War, 1914-1918—Propaganda. 2. World War, 1914-1918—Public
opinion. 3. Press and propaganda. 4. War—Press coverage. I. Paddock, Troy R. E.
II. Series.
D639.P6C35 2004
940.4'88—dc22 2004023026
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright © 2004 by Troy R. E. Paddock
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004023026
ISBN: 0-275-97383-2
ISSN: 1538-9626
First published in 2004
Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.praeger.com
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this book complies with the
Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984).
109 987654322
Contents
Acknowledgments vii
Series Foreword by Edward R. Beauchamp ix
Introduction: Newspapers, Public Opinion, and Propaganda 1
1. A Clash of Cultures: The British Press and the
Opening of the Great War 15
Adrian Gregory
2. "The Eagle Soars over the Nightingale": Press and
Propaganda in France in the Opening Months
of the Great War 51
Michael Nolan
3. The Russian Press and the "Internal Peace" at the Beginning of
World War I 91
Eric Lohr
4. German Propaganda: The Limits of Gerechtigkeit 115
Troy R. E. Paddock
5. The Empire without Qualities: Austro-Hungarian Newspapers
and the Outbreak of War in 1914 161
Andrea Orzojf
Closing Observations on Newspapers, Propaganda,
and the Great War 199
Index 207
About the Contributors 211
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Acknowledgments
First of all, I would like to thank Adrian Gregory, Eric Lohr, Michael
Nolan, and Andrea Orzoff for their participation in this project. Series edi
tor Edward Beauchamp and Heather Staines, the editor at Greenwood
Press, have been supportive and patient throughout this extended process
and have my deepest appreciation. I would also like to thank the staff at
the Institut fur Zeitungsforschung in Dortmund, Germany, for their assis
tance, and the Council on European Studies at Yale University for provid
ing access to the Sterling Memorial Library. My colleagues at Southern
Connecticut State University—Stephen Amerman, Polly Beals, David
Bello, Nikos Chrissidis, Steven Judd, Bruce Kalk, and Michele Thomp
son—offered constructive criticism at various stages of the project and
have my thanks. I would also like to thank Southern Connecticut State
University for providing funding for summer research and Dean Donna-
Jean Fredeen for granting me release time to work on this project. Most
important of all, I want to thank my wife, Mary, for her support, encour
agement, and help in transforming my German translations into readable
English, and my son, Mack, for not caring about any of this and remind
ing me that there are some things more important than a missed deadline.
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Series Foreword
Whoever first coined the phrase, "When the siecle hit the fin," described
the twentieth century perfectly! The past century was arguably a century
of intellectual, physical, and emotional violence unparalleled in world his
tory. As Haynes Johnson of the Washington Post has pointed out in his The
Best of Times (2001), "since the first century, 149 million people have died
in major wars; 111 million of those deaths occurred in the twentieth cen
tury. War deaths per population soared from 3.2 deaths per 1,000 in the
sixteenth century to 44.4 per 1,000 in the twentieth.1 Giving parameters to
the twentieth century, however, is no easy task. Did it begin in 1900 or
1901? Was it, as in historian Eric Hobsbawm's words, a "short twentieth
century," that did not begin until 1917 and end in 1991?2 Or was it more
accurately the "long twentieth century," as Giovanni Arrighi argued in
The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times?3
Strong cases can be made for all of these constructs and it is each reader's
prerogative to come to his or her own conclusion.
Whatever the conclusion, however, there is a short list of people, events,
and intellectual currents found in the period between the nineteenth and
twenty-first centuries that is, indeed, impressive in scope. There is little
doubt that the hopes represented by the Paris Exhibition of 1900 repre
sented the mood of the time—a time of optimism, even Utopian expecta
tions, in much of the so-called civilized world (which was the only world
that counted in those days). Many saw the fruits of the Industrial Revo
lution, the application of science and technology to everyday life, as hav
ing the potential to greatly enhance life, at least in the West.
