Table Of ContentA Billion Trips a Day
Transportation Research, Economics and Policy
VOLUME 1
Editorial Board
Yossi Berechman
Department of Eeonomies & Publie Poliey, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Peter Nijkamp
Department of Regional, Urban & Environmental Eeonomies,
Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Kenneth Small
Department of Eeonomies, University of California at Irvine, U.S.A.
The tit/es published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
A Billion Trips a Day
Tradition and Transition
in European Travel Patterns
Edited by
ILAN SALOMON
Department of Geography,
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Israel
PIET BOVY
Transportation and Traffic Research Department,
Ministry of Transport and Public Works,
The Netherlands
and
JEAN - PIERRE ORFEUIL
INRETS,
France
A Collaboration of:
Members of the NECTAR group on Supply and Demand Behaviour in Transport
and Communications, the European Science Foundation.
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PubJication Data
A Billion trips a day tradition and transition ln European travel
patterns I edited by Ilan Salomon, Plet Bovy, and Jean-Pierre
Orfeuil.
p. cm. -- <Transportation, research, economlCS, and pol icy
v. 1)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7923-2297-5 (alk. paper)
1. Transportatlon and state--Europe. 2. Transportation--Europe.
1. Salomon, Ilan. II. Bovy, Piet H. L., 1943- III.Orfeuil,
Jean-Plerre. IV. Serles.
HE242.B54 1993
388' .094--dc20 93-15477
ISBN 978-90-481-4278-1 ISBN 978-94-015-8118-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8118-9
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993.
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1993
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v
Dedicated to
Prof. Shalom Reichman (1935-1992)
for whom NECT AR was the sweet essence
of European mobility research
Table of Content:
List of Figures xi
List of Tables XIV
Preface xix
Acknowledgment xxi
List of Abbreviations xxi
List of Contributors xxüi
Part I: European Mobility Patterns 1
1. Introduction: Can a Billion Trips be Reduced to a Few Patterns? 3
flan Salomon, Piet Bovy and Jean-Pierre Oifeuil
2. European Mobility is Different: A Global Perspective 13
Jean-Pierre Oifeuil and Piet Bovy
3. Europe: A Heterogenous 'Single Marlcet' 21
Piet Bovy, Jean-Pierre Oifeuil and Dirk Zumkeller
4. Travel Patterns of the Europeans in Everyday Life 33
Jean-Pierre Oifeuil and flan Salomon
Part ll: Dimensions of European Mobility 51
5. Taming the Peak: Time and Timing as Travel Moderators 53
flan Salomon and Mart Tacken
6. Car: Increasing Ownership and Decreasing Use? 75
Wim Korver, Jeroen Klooster and Gijsbertus R.M. Jansen
7. Comrnuting: Horne Sprawl, Job Sprawl and Traffic Jams 101
Gijsbertus R.M. Jansen
8. Public Transport in Europe: Requiem or Revival? 129
Eliahu Stern and Terje Tretvik
9. Travelling Across Europe: Going for Pleasure and Profit 149
Francoise Potier, AU Turel and Jean-Pierre Oifeuil
10. Transport Poliey: The European Laboratory 167
Peter Jones, Piet Bovy, Jean-Pierre Oifeuil and flan Salomon
ix
x
Part ID: National Perspectives 189
11. Austria: Something is happening between East and West 191
Gerd Sammer
12. Belgium: Mobility at the Political Heart of Europe 211
HUde Meersman and Eddy Van de Voorde
13. Finland: Mobility on Top of Europe 227
Lassi Hilska and VeU-Pekka Kallberg
14. France: A Centralized Country in between Regional and European
Development 241
Jean-Pierre Or/euil
15. Germany: A Review at the Verge of a New Era 257
Claus Heidemann, Uwe Kunert and Dirk Zumkeller
16. Greece: Growing Slow, Travelling Fast 275
Kostas Petrakis
17. Israel: Transport in a Small Turbulent "Island-State" 291
Ilan Salomon and Eran Feitelson
18. Italy: A (Motorway) Bridge to the South 313
Giancarlo Dei Sole and Massimo Pazienti
19. The Netherlands: Ground Transport Below Sea-Level 329
Wim Korver, Gijsbertus R.M. Jansen and Piet Bovy
20. Norway: Crossing Fjords and Mountains 349
Arild Hervik, Terje Tretvik and Liv @vstedal
21. Sweden: Moving towards a Safer Environment 367
Krestin Westin
22. Switzerland: Neutrality at the Center of Europe 385
Rico Maggi and Massimo Filippini
23. Turlcey: Coping with High Transit Demands through Entrepreneurship 403
Gokhan Mentes, AU Turel and Turgay Gunal
24. United Kingdom: Deregulated Transport in an Over-regulated Continent 421
Sharon Cullinane
References 437
Appendix A: Currency exchange rates table (31.12.1988) 448
Appendix B: Purchasing power parities (1989) 449
Index 451
List of Figures
2.1: The European differenee: Cars and motorways 15
2.2: Gross Domestie Produet per eapita and population density 16
2.3: The European differenee: Modal shares 16
2.4: The European differenee: Volume and priee for mobility expenditure 18
3.1: Motorization in Western Europe 23
3.2: Relative priees of ear purehase and fuel, (1989) 24
4.1: Mobility indieators by ear availability, Norway, (1985) 39
4.2: Weekly distanee travelled by population group, UK, (1985-6) 42
4.3: Distanee travelled per day, Switzerland, (1984) 43
4.4: Relationship between modal shares and ineome, Paris and the Netherlands 44
4.5: A eoneeptual framework for ear traffie and publie transport growth
and decline 50
5.1: Prototypical aetivity - travel of families with pre-sehool ehildren 60
5.2: Temporal distribution of trips in the Netherlands (1978-88) 63
5.3: Temporal distribution of trips in Franee 64
5.4: Working hours per week in Europe 67
5.5: Temporal distribution of work trips in Ankara, Turkey 69
5.6: Temporal distribution of work trips in Paris 70
6.1: Comparison of aetual developments and Shell forecasts of ear
ownership in West-Germany 76
6.2: Car ownership levels in selected eountries (1960-1989) 77
6.3: Number of passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants (1989) 79
6.4: Distribution of households by ear ownership in se1ected eountries (1987-8) 80
6.5: Annual ear/km per ear and earlkm per inhabitant (1987) 81
6.6: Development of annual average domestie kilometrage per ear, (1970-1987) 82
6.7: Faetors influeneing ear ownership and their relation with poliey measures 85
6.8: Car ownership versus GDP per eapita (1988) 86
6.9: Car/km per eapita versus GDP per eapita (1987) 87
6.10: Priee of an 'average' new ear in several European eountries (1987) 90
6.11: Taxes on motor ears and fuel per km. driven 91
6.12: Distribution of ear fleet by engine eylinder eapaeity, (1987-1989) 95
6.13: The relation between fuel effieieney and ear fuel tax 96
7.1: Development of employment, labour foree eommuting in Amsterdam 104
7.2: Faetors affecting eommuting 105
7.3: Employment/populationratios by sex in selected eountries, (1989) 109
xi
