Table Of Content6
G
T
h
e
R
o
a
d
to
th
e
F
u
Since the launch of Second-Generation Networks (2G), planning for each tu
r
e
future mobile service was initiated many years before its commercial W
launch. In 2019, 5G Networks begun to be deployed commercially ir
e
after almost ten years of planning. Similarly, the race for the 6G wireless le
s
networks that will be operational in 2030 has already started. To fulfill s T
e
its potential in the upcoming decade, 6G will undoubtedly require an c
h
n
architectural orchestration based on the amalgamation of existing solutions o
and innovative technologies. The book will begin by evaluating the state lo
g
of the art of all current mobile generations’ while looking into their core ies
2
building blocks. 6G implementation will require fundamental support 0
3
from Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning on the network’s 0
edge and core, including a new Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum. The
6G use cases will require advanced techniques for enabling the future
wireless network to be human-centric, ensuring enhanced quality of
experience (QoE) for most of its applications. The concept of Human Bond
Communication Beyond 2050 (Knowledge Home) and Communication,
A
Nfuatuvrieg atwioinre, leSsesn scinogm, manudn icSaetrivoinc.e sT e(CraOhNerAtzS EdNoSmE)a iwnsil l waillslo epxrpolfoiti t frothme li Ib
r
a
ultra-Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output Antennas (UM-MIMO) h
im
technologies to support Terabits’ data throughputs. a
n
d
M
Moreover, optical wireless communications (OWC) will also come into
a
play to support indoor and outdoor high-data rates. Further expansion of u
r
iz
6G core entities will support the novel concept of Society 5.0. Quantum io
computing processing and communications is also likely to be added into V
a
the 6G ecosystem with security managed by blockchain orchestration for lle
a robust network (E
d
ito
r
s
)
River
6G
The Road to the Future
Wireless Technologies 2030
RIVERPUBLISHERSSERIESINCOMMUNICATIONS
SeriesEditors:
ABBASJAMALIPOUR MARINARUGGIERI
TheUniversityofSydney UniversityofRomeTorVergata
Australia Italy
JUNSHANZHANG
ArizonaStateUniversity
USA
Indexing: All books published in this series are submitted to the Web of
ScienceBookCitationIndex(BkCI),toSCOPUS,toCrossRefandtoGoogle
Scholarforevaluationandindexing.
The “River Publishers Series in Communications” is a series of
comprehensiveacademicandprofessionalbookswhichfocusoncommunica-
tion and network systems. Topics range from the theory and use of
systems involving all terminals, computers, and information processors to
wired and wireless networks and network layouts, protocols, architectures,
and implementations. Also covered are developments stemming from new
market demands in systems, products, and technologies such as personal
communications services, multimedia systems, enterprise networks, and
opticalcommunications.
The series includes research monographs, edited volumes, handbooks
andtextbooks,providingprofessionals,researchers,educators,andadvanced
students in the field with an invaluable insight into the latest research and
developments.
6G
The Road to the Future
Wireless Technologies 2030
Paulo Sergio Rufino Henrique
Ramjee Prasad
River Publishers
Published,soldanddistributedby:
RiverPublishers
Alsbjergvej10
9260Gistrup
Denmark
www.riverpublishers.com
ISBN:9788770224390(Hardback)
9788770224383(Ebook)
©2021RiverPublishers
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin
aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionof
thepublishers.
photography:FoteiniFoteinaki
ThedawnofFutureWirelessCommunicationsSystems
Contents
Abstract ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii
ListofFigures xix
ListofTables xxi
Acronyms xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 MobileFoundationTopics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 TheDawnofaMobileSociety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 CONASENSEandtheFutureWirelessCommunications . . 7
1.5 KnowledgeHomeinthe6GEra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 StateoftheArtofMobileGenerations 9
2.1 TheFirstcommercialMobileGeneration . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 TheSecondGenerationsofMobile
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 TheThirdGenerationofMobileCommunications . . . . . . 13
2.4 TheFourthGenerationofMobileCommunications . . . . . 16
2.5 TheFifthGenerationofMobileCommunications . . . . . . 19
3 AGlimpseoftheFutureBeyond2020-B5G 25
3.1 ConnectedAgenda2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Industry4.0–4IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 Society5.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4 Beyond5G-B5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
vii
viii Contents
4 TheRoadfortheFutureWirelessNetwork 41
4.1 What6GIs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2 TheCurrent6GResearchInitiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 6GResearchAreas–Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5 6GNetworks 47
5.1 The6GKPIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.2 MachineLearningandAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.3 Multi-AccessEdgeComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.4 RFandOpticalSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.5 Ultra-MassiveMIMO&Graphene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6 6GSecurity 61
6.1 CybersecurityGlobalChallenges–Theeraofcyberwafare . 61
6.2 SecurityOrchestrationforWirelessConnectivity . . . . . . 65
6.3 6GSecurityRoadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.4 BlockchainSecurityModelfor6G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.5 QuantumComputingInfrastructurefor6GSecurityStrategy 69
6.6 QuantumCommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7 6GUseCases 73
7.1 Smart-Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2 RuralAreas/DepopulatedAreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.3 MultimediaApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.4 e-Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.5 SpaceExplorations&BroadcastingCommunications . . . . 76
7.6 UnderwaterWirelessCommunicationsSystems . . . . . . . 77
8 FutureScope&Challenges 79
Bibliography 83
Index 97
AbouttheAuthors 103
Abstract
Since the Second Generation Networks (2G) release, each future mobile
service planning was initiated many years before its commercial launch.
5G Networks began its commercial deployment in 2019 after almost ten
years of planning. In a similar fashion, nowadays, the race for the 6G
wireless networks, which will be operational in 2030, has already started.
To fulfill its potential in the upcoming decade, 6G will undoubtedly
requireanarchitecturalorchestrationbasedontheamalgamationofexisting
solutionsandinnovativetechnologies.Thebook6GTheRoadtotheFuture
Wireless Technologies 2030 will begin by evaluating the state-of-the-art
of all mobile generations while looking into their core building blocks
that shaped our societies. It will look into the complex 6G’s use cases to
identify the ways to implement Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum
Machine Learning (QML) on the network’s core and edge, including the
requirementforanexpansionoftheRadioFrequency(RF)spectrum.Itwill
also explore Terahertz domains and Ultra-Massive Multiple Input Multiple
Output(UM-MIMO)antennastosupportTerabitdatarate,andHolographic
Radio technologies, and Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) that
will be essential in supporting indoor and outdoor high-data throughput.
Furthermore,itwillstudytheQuantumComputingprocessingandQuantum
communications needed in the 6G ecosystem for a robust security network
managed by Blockchain orchestration. Concepts like Knowledge Human
Bond Communication Beyond 2050 (Knowledge Home) and Integration
Communication,Navigation,Sensing,andServices(CONASENSE)willbe
investigated to identify how they will also profit from the future wireless
communication.
Moreover, the book will endeavor to detect and showcase how these
concepts can further contribute to a more human-centric network, which
ensurestheenhancedqualityofexperience(QoE)formostofitsapplications.
Lastly, considering the ways in which 6G core entities will support the
novel concept of Society 5.0 for establishing a better world beyond 2030,
this book will attempt to analyze and relate the advanced technologies
to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), alongside
ix
