437 abiotic (nonenzymatic) implantable biofuel cells - Wiley-VCH

14 Pages·2014·0.08 MB·English

437
Index
a ––graphene,use 294
abiotic(nonenzymatic)implantablebiofuel ––manganeseoxideandmetalmacrocycles
cells 294
–abioticcatalysts 297 ––platinum 293–294
–applications 308 –principles
–challengesandfuturetrends 309 ––abioticglucosefuelcell 287
–depletiondesignfuelcell 297 ––Butler-Volmerequation 289
–fuelcelldesignsandpowerdensities, ––completefuelcell,polarizationbehavior
comparison 289–290
––depletiondesign 299–300 ––conversionefficiency 290–291
––glucosefuelcell 301,302–304 ––fuelcellperformance 292,293
––Raney-platinumfilmelectrodes 300 ––high-throughputmaterialscreening
––reactantseparationconcepts 304 291–292
––single-layerfuelcelldesign 300,301 ––maximumpowerpoint(MPP) 290
–glucoseoxidation,electrocatalysts ––Nernstequation 288–289
––platinum-goldalloys 292 ––passiveloadresistors 291
––siliconnanoparticles 292 ––polarizationplotorloadcurve 289,291
–history ––standardfreeenergy 287–288
––abioticcatalysts 286 ––standardhydrogenelectrode(SHE) 288
––batteries 285 ––standardredoxpotential 287
––cardiacpacemaker 285,286 –separatormembranes
––standardfreeenergyofformation ––anionexchangemembranes 294
285–286 ––depletiondesign 294
–long-termoperation,factorsaffecting ––hydrogels 294
––anodepoisoning 305 –siteofimplantation
––endogenousaminoacids,adsorption ––air-breathingfuelcelldesign 295
305,306 ––bloodstreamimplantation 295
––glucoseoxidation,decreased 306–307 ––brain-machineinterfaces 295
––platinumelectrodes,deactivation ––choiceofimplantationsite 295,296
304–305 ––physiologicalfluids 296
––Raney-platinumcathode 305 ––tissueimplantation 295
–mixedreactants,strategies –state-ofthe-art 307–308
––abioticcatalysts 297 activepixelsensor(APS)
––depletiondesignfuelcell 297 –CMOSimagesensor 199,201
––platinumcathodes 297,298,299 –photodiodeandequivalentcircuits 200,
––single-layerfuelcell 297,298 –pixelarray 200
––stackedassemblyfuelcell 297 –3T-APScircuits 200,201
–oxygenreduction,electrocatalysts activepower 71
ImplantableBioelectronics,FirstEdition.EditedbyEvgenyKatz.
(cid:2)c 2014Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA.Published2014byWiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA.
438 Index
ADCs.Seeanalog-to-digitalconverters(ADCs) ASIC.Seeapplication-specificintegrated
analogsignalprocessing,subthreshold circuit(ASIC)
circuits
–band-limitingfilters 68 b
–reduction,staticpowerconsumption 69 BCIs.Seebrain–computerinterfaces(BCIs)
–Sub-V analogcircuit,gammatonefilters BFCs.Seebiologicalfuelcells(BFCs)
t
69,70 biocatalysts 15
analog-to-digitalconverters(ADCs) 62,69 biochemical–electrodeintegration,neural
70–71 growth 99
anionicmagneticnanoparticles 18–19 biocompatibility,definition 267
anodicbioelements bioelectricalenergyandbodyenergyharvest
–bacteriaandfungi 317 407
–CDH 319 bioelectronicdevicematerials,implantable
–crystalstructure,Aspergillusnigerglucose –biocompatibility,definition 267
oxidase 318 –biofouling 268
–FAD 318 –biofunctionality 268
–biosafety 267–268
–quinoproteinglucosedehydrogenase 320
–challenges 267
–quinoproteins 321
–evaluation,guidelines 266,
antennaandrectificationpowermodule
–gold(Au)andplatinum(Pt) 268
–AC/DCrectifier 255–256
–indiumtinoxide(ITO) 268–269
–lowdropout(LDO)regulator 255,256
–polymericmaterials 269
–planarrectangularcoil 255
® –polymericmaterials,insulatingor
–TexasInstrument TRF7960 255
encapsulating 268
–uses 255
® –properties 267
–Verichip Corp 255
–silver–silverchlorideelectrode(Ag/AgCl)
application-specificintegratedcircuit(ASIC)
268
250,384
biofouling 268
architecture-leveloptimizations,low-power
biofunctionality 268–265
dataprocessing
biologicalbrains,robotbody
–‘‘approximateprocessing’’methods 78–79
–braincellsnetworks 117
–computationtaskoptimalapportioning,
–controlelement 118
analoganddigitalblocks 76–77
–culturesize 119–120
area,powerreductionmethodologies
–electrochemicalactivity 118
–clockgatingandsupplyvoltagegating 179
–electrodes 118
–samplingfrequency 180
–input–outputresponsemap 118
–sizeandenergyconsumption 179 –MEA 117–118
–subthresholdvs.super-thresholdoperation –monitoringactivity 120
181–183 –motorsignal 119
–voltagescaling 180 –neurons 116
artificialintelligence(AI) 121–122 –performance 118119
artificialretina –physicalappearance 116
–equivalentcircuitsandlayout 205–206 –physicalrobotbody 118
–fabricatedchip 206,207 –plasticityprocess 119
–infraredlight 206 –sensoryinput 120
–light-sensingfunction 207,208 –weeledrobotbodyandbrain 118119
–logsensor,pixelcircuits 206,207 biologicalfuelcells(BFCs) 315
–microcamerasystem 209–210 biologicalresponsetest 266–267
–microchiparchitecture 207,208 biomedicaldevices,invivoanalysis
–microchip,timingdiagram 208–209 –ASIC 250,
–MPDA 205 –diabetescaredevicesmarket 260–261
–principle 203–204 –electrochemicalcell-on-a-chip 249
–retinalprostheses 204–205 –implantablebio-MEMSs 249–250
–stimulator 209 –implantabledevice,architecture 251–253
Index 439
–implantablefront-endarchitecture bio-MEMSs.SeeBio-micro-electromechanical
254–259 systems(bio-MEMSs)
–innovativebiomedicaldevice 250–251 bio-micro-electromechanicalsystems
–powerandcommunicationrequirements (bio-MEMSs) 249–250
250 biosafety 267–268
–radiofrequency(RF) 250 biosensors,biofunctionalityandlongevity
–technologicalsolutions 249 275
biomedicalimplantablesystems biosorbents 15
–activetransmitters 387 blood–materialinteractionassays 277,278
–biologicalandmedicalinformation bluemulticopperoxidases(BMCOs)
telemetry 386 321–322
–bodyfunctions 381 BMCOs.Seebluemulticopperoxidases
–buildingblocks 382,383 (BMCOs)
–closed-loopsystems 383 brainchipsandcloning
–conceptualdiagram 381,382 –biologicalidentity 420–421
–earlycontrol1950–1970, 391–394 –BMItechnology 421
–earlystimulation1950,–1970 391 –enhancedmemory 421
–electroniccircuitsandgermanium –enhancementtechnologies 424
transistors 387 –ethicaluncertainties 420
–electronicdevices 384 –globaldiscourse 424
–endoradiosondes 387 –GoogleGlass 421
–heartenergyharvester 389,390 –humanenhancementtechnologies 424
–historicalreview1970–1990, 394 –humanintelligence 422
–historicalreview1990–2012, 395–396 –innovativeglobalforums 424
–integratedpiezoresistivepressuresensor –intelligentmachines 422
389,390 –legalsystem 423
–Mackay–Margtonometer 387,381 –neuralnetwork 412–423
–microfabricated 405 –personalidentity 421
–micropackagingarea 405 –physicalprocesses 422
–andmicrosensors,medicalcare 395 –processingpower 423
–monitoringanddiagnosis 388 brain–computerinterfaces(BCIs)
–non-hermeticpackages 405 –artificialtactilesensation 415
–one-transistorHartleyoscillatorcircuit –bioengineeringandimplanttechnology
384,385 414
–piezoelectricheartenergyharvester 389 –brainchipimplantation 427
–pioneeringtechniques 395 –brainchips 411
–pressurewaves 386 –chipsandcloning 420–424
–radiotransmission 383–384 –computercursor 126–127
–sensor/stimulator 383 –EEG 126
–sensoryandelectronic 405 –electrodesnumber 126
–sizeandpowerconsumption 384 –energyefficiency 415
–telemetrysystems 383 –enhancementtechnologies 428
–trackinginstrument 384 –ethicalconcerns 419–420
–T1vacuumtubeRFoscillator 384,385 –fastinterfacemethod 127
–unitcircle 381,382 –fMRI 127
–vacuumtuberadioinstruments 384 –geneticenhancements 411
–wirelesscommunicationlink 381 –globalization,bioethics 429
–wirelessmicropowersupplynetwork 405 –humanreproductivecloning 429
–wirelesstelemetryunit 386 –hybridBMIs 412
biomedicine,magneticallylabeledcells –informationprocessingsystem 413–416
applications –injectablebrain-controllingdevices
–MNPs-mediatedcelldeliveryandtissue 417–418
engineering 21–23 –inputinterfaces 412
–MRIimaging,MNPs-labeledcells 21 –invasiveinterfaces 413
440 Index
brain–computerinterfaces(BCIs) (contd.) –biochemical–electrodeintegration,neural
–medicaldomain 126 growth 99
–neuralactivity 414–415 –cellularresponse,oreignimplant 97,98
–neuralcontrol 414 –glialcells.Seeglialcells
–neuroethics 412 –infammationreduction,brainmicromotion
–neuroprosthetics 415 98–99
–noninvasiveinterfaces 413 –recordingelectrodes.Seerecording
–partiallyinvasiveinterfaces 413 electrodes,brain
–regulatoryprocedures 424–426 charge-coupleddevice(CCD) 195
–technologicalinnovations 411 CML.Seecationicmagneticliposomes(CML)
–therapy/enhancement 418–419 CMRR.Seecommon-moderejectionratio
–wirelessbrainsensor 417 (CMRR)
–wirelessinterfacescheme 417 CNS.Seecentralnervoussystem(CNS)
brain-implantableCMOSimagingdevice common-moderejectionratio(CMRR) 239
–chemicalsubstance 214 complementarymetal-oxidesemiconductor
–electrodes 215 (CMOS)
–LEDs 215 –advantagesandchallenges,biomedical
–micrometers 214 devices 196–197
–neuralactivity 214 –APS.Seeactivepixelsensor(APS)
–pixelsize 212 –artificialretina.Seeartificialretina
–planarandneedletype 212,213 –biomedicaldevices 195,196
–polyimidesubstrate 212,213 –brain-implantable.Seebrain-implantable
–slip-ringconnector 212,213 CMOSimagingdevice
brainimplants –CCD 195
–BCI 123 –features,imagesensors 195,196
–humans 124 –logsensor.Seelogsensor
–microelectrodearray 123–124 –photosensors 198–199
–nervoussystem,human 124 –powersupply 197
–neuralsignals 123 –pulsewidthmodulationsensor 202–203
–numbercrunching 124 –sensorstructureandcharacteristics 197
–signals 124 –SPADsensors 203
–telegraphiccommunication 125 computernetwork 435–436
–therapeuticpurposes 125–126 conceptualarmaidsystem1960, 392
–ultrasonicsensoryinput 124–125 contentaddressablememory(CAM) 178
brainmicromotion 98–99 cross-hierarchydesign,implantable
Butler-Volmerequation 289 electronics
®
BVTTechnologies 258 –architecture-leveloptimizations.See
architecture-leveloptimizations,
c low-powerdataprocessing
casearmaidsystem 392 –bioelectronicimplant 65–66
cathodicbioelements –energy-efficientmemory.See
–bioelectrocatalysis 321 energy-efficientmemorydesign
–four-electronprocess 322 –long-termimplants 65
–Myrotheciumverrucariabilirubinoxidase –low-powersignalprocessing.Seelow-power
322 signalprocessing,circuitdesign
–redoxpotentialLcs 323 –wirelesscommunicationpowerdelivery.See
cationicmagneticliposomes(CML) wirelesscommunicationpowerdelivery
–CML-labeledcells 23 cuffelectrodes 90
–preparation 19 cyborgs
cationicmagneticnanoparticles 19 –BCI 126–127
CDH.Seecellobiosedehydrogenase(CDH) –biologicalbrains,robotbody.Seebiological
cellobiosedehydrogenase(CDH) 319, brains,robotbody
centralnervoussystem(CNS) –biologyandtechnology 115
–astroglialscar 97,98 –biotechnologicallink 115
Index 441
–brainimplants 115 –disadvantages 236
–DBS 120–122 –outputcurrent 234,235
–description 116 directelectrontransfer(DET)reactions 315
–RFIDimplants 128–130 discretewavelettransform(DWT) 181
–robots 115 drivingandcontrolmodules
–subdermalmagneticimplants.See –dataextractioncircuitry 256
subdermalmagneticimplants –generationcircuitry 256
–potentiostatamplifier 256–257
d DSP.Seedigitalsignalprocessing(DSP)
DACs.Seedigital-to-analogconverters(DACs)
DBS.Seedeepbrainstimulation(DBS) e
deepbrainstimulation(DBS) eCFR.Seeelectroniccodeoffederal
–AItools 121–122 regulations(eCFR)
–BCIs 120 EDC.Seeelectronicsdesigncenter(EDC)
–biologicalmechanisms 100 electricalmodulation,humannervoussystem
–device 121 –cholinergicanti-inflammatorypathway
–electrodedesignandstimulation 100–101 104–105
–L-dopa 121 –DBS 100–101
–PD 120–121 –nerveregeneration 101–102
–researchdesigns 101 –pain.Seepainmodulation,humannervous
–stimulator 121 system
–surgicaltreatment 121 –vagusnerveandstimulation 103–104
DET-basedEFCs electromyograms(EMGs) 27
–biodevicesoperatinginvivo 334–336 electroniccodeoffederalregulations(eCFR)
–bioelectronicdevices 340 397
–biologicalvariability 339 electronicsdesigncenter(EDC) 392
–compartmentmediator-andcofactor-less EMGs.Seeelectromyograms(EMGs)
direct-electron-transfer-based 315,316 energy-efficientmemorydesign
–enzyme-basedbiodevices 323–329 –STT-MRAM.Seespintransfertorque
–geneticmodification 341 MRAM(STT-MRAM)
–humanphysiologicalfluids 339 –subthresholdSRAM 79–80
–nano/microbioroboticsystems 340 energyharvestingtechniques
–operatingexvivo 336–339 –andpowerdensities 47,
–operatinginvitro 329–334 –power-harvestingantenna 47–48
–oxidoreductases 316–323 enhancementtechnologies 424
–powergeneration 333 environmentalmonitoring 435
–thermodynamiclimits 340 envisagedsubcutaneousdevice,architecture
–uncertainties,measurementtechniques –antennaandrectificationpowermodule
339 255–256
diabetescaredevicesmarket –drivingandcontrolmodules 256–257
–cutting-edgemultidisciplinaryresearch –electrodes 255
261 –modulation/dataprocessingmodule 255
–juvenilediabetes 260 –power-on-resetmodule 254–255
–Type1diabetes 260 –sensorconditioningmodule 255
–Type2diabetes 260 –sensorcontrolmodule 255
–invitrodiagnostics(IVDs) 260 –signalconditioningandcommunication
–WorldDiabetesMarketAnalysis 261 modules 257–258
digitalsignalprocessing(DSP) enzymaticfuelcells
–electrodes 162 –abdominalcavity,rats 349–350
–loopneuralsystem 160 –artificialpancreasandurinarysphincters
–low-power.Seelow-powerDSP 347–348
–powerconsumption 66 –battery-poweredimplantabledevices 347
–wirelesscommunication 160–161 –biocompatibility 350–351
®
digital-to-analogconverters(DACs) 70–71 –Dacron 351
442 Index
enzymaticfuelcells (contd.) flatinterfacenerveelectrode(FINE) 90
–elaboration 351 flavinadeninedinucleotide(FAD) 318
–GBFCs.Seeglucosebiofuelcells(GBFCs) forwarddatalink,wirelesscommunication
–glucoseandoxygendegradation,catalytic –constantamplitudemodulation 51–52
reactions 349 –efficientASK-PWdemodulator 52,53
–greenhousegasemissions 348 functionalmagneticresonanceimaging
–implantation,performance 351 (fMRI), 127
–lifetime 351
–livingorganisms 349 g
–lowactivity,abioticcatalysts 349 GBFCs.Seeglucosebiofuelcells(GBFCs)
–packaging glialcells
––exPTFEcoating 356,357 –astrocytes 94
––microelectrodes,rat 358–356 –microglia 93–94
––secondgeneration,rat 356,357358 –PNS 88
–performances glucosebiofuelcells(GBFCs)
––glucosebiofuels 361 –bioelectrodedesign,invitroperformances
––invitroandinvivo 359–360 355,356
––physiologicalfluids 359 –copperenzyme 353,354
–periodicsurgeries 348–349 –glucoseoxidation 353,354–355
–powersupplysystems 348 –MWCNT.Seemultiwalledcarbonnanotube
–production,electricpower 348 (MWCNT)
–sealedbatteries 347 –parameters 353
–sterilization,medicaldevices 350 –porosity,material 352
–surgery 358–359 –PPy/PSSfilm 355
enzyme-basedbiodevices –stabilityissues 352
–DETproperties 324
–EFCs 324 h
–electrodefunction 327–329 hardwareimplementation
–electrodematerial 325–327 –digitalsignal-processingblock 172
–microbial/mitochondrialbiodevices 323 –FFT 171
–redoxenzyme 323 –implantablesystems 171
extracellularlabeling,cells 20 –neuralinterfacesystem 171–172
extraneuralelectrodes –waveletmodule 173
–cuff 90 highmolecularweightkininogen(HMWK)
–FINE 90 274
homeandonline(mobile)monitoring 407
f homelandsecurityandmilitaryapplications
FAD.Seeflavinadeninedinucleotide(FAD) 435
far-fieldelectromagneticwireless hoverinputdevice 141–142
communication 76–83,82 human–computerinteraction(HCI) 135
fastFouriertransform(FFT) 171 humanEMGimplantdevice 392,393
FCC.SeeFederalCommunication humanitariandeviceexemptionprocess. 425
Commission(FCC) humanphysicalpower 435
FederalCommunicationCommission(FCC) hydrogels 294
397
feedbacktelemetrycircuit 391 i
FETs.Seefieldeffecttransistors(FETs) immobilizationmethods 15
fieldeffecttransistors(FETs) 390 implantablebioelectronics
FINE.Seeflatinterfacenerveelectrode(FINE) –biofuelcells 3
FinFETs.Seefin-shapedfieldeffecttransistors –brain-machineinterface 3,4
(FinFETs) –cyborgs 3,4
fin-shapedfieldeffecttransistors(FinFETs) –electronicelements 1
–devicestructure 75–76 –flexiblesupports 1,2
–SCE 74 –nervoussystems 3
Index 443
–neuralsignals 2 –non-thrombogenicpolymer-modifieddevice
–reworking,physiology 33 277,278
–robotichand 1,2 –proteinadsorptionprocess 274–275
–‘‘sense-and-act’’system 2 implantedbiofuelcellsoperatinginvivo
–substratesinsertion,eyedevelopment.See –biocatalyticcathodes 371,373
Zophobasmoriobeetle,eyedevelopment –biocatalyticelectrodes 371,372,374376
process –bioelectrochemicalmethods 363
–technologicalsolutions 5 –biofuelcells 364
implantablebiomedicaldevices 435 –biomolecularprocesses 364
implantabledevice,architecture –buckypaperconductivesupport 371
–amperometricelectrodes 252,253 –catalyticoxidationofthebiofuel 365
–conception 252 –cyclicvoltammograms 369,370
–front-endarchitecture 252,253 –cytochromeoxidase 366
–glucosemonitoring 251 –directelectricalcommunication 368
–implantableprototype 252,253 –directnon-mediatedelectrontransport 366
–RFIDtag 253 –electricalpower 363
–true/falseapplications 251 –enzymeselection 367
–glucosebiosensors 367
implantablefront-endarchitecture,invivo
–glucoseoxidation 367
detectionbiosensorapplications
–glucose-oxidizingenzymes 368
–artificialpancreas 254
–humanbloodcirculation 373
–bidirectionalcommunication 254
® –humanbloodcirculatorysystem 372
–BVTTechnologies 258
–immobilization,PQQ-GDH 369
–commercial130nmtechnology 258
–invertebrates 364
–cyclicvoltammetries(CVs) 258–259
–medicalelectronicimplants 376
–envisagedsubcutaneousdevice,architecture
–microelectronicdevices 371
254–258
–non-immobilizedcofactorsandmediators
–full-customICs 258
365
–glucosemonitoring 254
–oxidationreactionsmimicmetabolic
–implementationandresults 258–259
pathways 368
–pervasivemonitoring 254
–physical/chemicalmethods 363
–placementofsensor 254
–physicalenergyconversion 363
–poweringandcommunications 254
–polarizationfunctions 375
–recoveredpower 258
–rats 364,365
–safetyoperatingarea(SOA),concept 258
® –transducers 363
–TexasInstrument TRF7960 258
–variableloadresistanceandpolarization
–thresholdlevel 259
374–375
implantableintracardiacprobe implanteddevices
–ADCs 61–62 –interactivetasks 134
–architecture,analogfrontend 60 –medicaldomain 133
–cardiacarrhythmia 59 –mobile 133
–electrodedesign 60,61 –outputdevice 134
implantablelooprecorder(ILR) 375 –prototypedevice 134,135
implantation,response –userinterfaces.Seeimplanteduser
–biosensors,biofunctionalityandlongevity interfaces
275 implanteduserinterfaces
–bloodcoagulationandfactors 273–274 –advantages 135
–blood–materialinteractionassays 277,278 –artificialskin 148–149
–coagulationfactors,intrinsic/extrinsic –audiodevice 144–145
pathway 275–276 –communicationandsynchronization 137
–complementactivationpathways 276,277 –components 147
–highmolecularweightkininogen(HMWK) –devices 138–139
274 –evaluation 137–138
–hydrogels 275 –experimenter 139
444 Index
implanteduserinterfaces (contd.) ––blockingcapacitors,electrodes 236–237
–HCI 135 ––charge-balancingstrategies 237
–hoverinputdevice 141–142 ––constantvalue 236
–humans 135 ––current/voltagepulses 233–234
–infection 151 ––DAC,outputcurrent 234,235
–input 136 ––disadvantage,DACs 236
–insertdevices 139–140 ––dynamiccurrentmatching 238
–LEDoutput 147–148 ––neuralstimulatordevices 233
–limbspecimen 139 ––voltageheadroomandlinearized
–location 150–151 voltage-controlledresistors 234,235
–medicaldevices 152 236
–medicalimplications 152 –technologies 222,224
–outcomes 150 –widebandtelemetrylink 228,229
–outputdevice 142–144 –wirelessendoscope.Seewirelessendoscopy
–parameters 151 –wirelesspowerlink.SeeWirelesspowerlink
–participants 150 indiumtinoxide(ITO) 268–269
–poweringdevice 145–146 innovativebiomedicaldevice
–powersupply 137 –academicresearchprojects 251
–procedure 139 –entirevaluechain,approach 251
–prototypedevice 147 –humanskin,systemimplanted 250–251
–sensorcontrols 147 –true/falsealarmsystem 251
–skin,wirelesscommunication 147 insectflightcontrol
–taskandprocedure 149 –musclesextracellularstimulation,elicit
–technicalevaluation 152–153 turns 32–33
–touchinputdevice 140–141 –neurostimulation,wingoscillations
–trackingball 151 initiation 30–31
–wirelesscommunicationdevice 146 –robuststimulationschemes 30
implantedwirelessbiotelemetry instrumentationamplifier
–back-telemetrylink 225 –chopping-stabilizedamplifiers 241–222
–biologicalsystems 221 –electrode–tissueinterface 239–240
–cardioverterdefibrillatorsandMEAs 221 –OTA 240,241
–cochlearimplantandbioniceye 221 –pseudoresistor 240
–communicationscheme 224–225 intracellularlabeling,cells
–development 222 –anionicmagneticnanoparticles 18–19
–dualband 223 –cationicmagneticnanoparticles 19
–externalunits 223,224 intrafascicularelectrodes
–implantabledevices 221 –LIFE 91
–in-bodymedicalsystems 223 –TIME 91,92
–inductivelink,forwarddata 225–226 invasiveinterfaces 413
–instrumentationamplifier.See invasiveintracorticalelectrodes
instrumentationamplifier –Michigan 95–96
–low-powerdevice 221–222 –microwire 96–97
–MEAsandinterfaceelectronics 232–233 –Utah 97
–multichannelneuralrecordingsystems.See invitrobiocompatibilityassessment 266
multichannelneuralrecordingsystems invitrodiagnostics(IVDs) 260
–patients 223,224
–recordingfront-ends l
––CMRR 239 large-scaleintegratedcircuit(LSIC) 384
––ECG,EEGandEMG 238 layer-by-layer(LbL)magnetic
––equivalentcircuit 238 functionalization,microbialcells
––signalquality 238 –procedure 10
––thermalnoisepowerspectraldensity 238 –strategy 9–10
–stimulation –transmissionelectronmicroscopicimages
––activechargebalancecircuits 237 10–11,12
Index 445
LEDs.Seelight-emittingdiodes(LEDs) –whole-cellbiosensorsandmicrofluidic
LIFEs.Seelongitudinalimplanted devices 15–16
intrafascicularelectrodes(LIFEs) magneticnanoparticles(MNPs)
light-emittingdiodes(LEDs) 32 –directdeposition,microbialcells 8–9
locomotiveimplantandimplantablecardiac –MNPs-mediatedcelldeliveryandtissue
probe engineering 21–23
–deviceoperation,bloodstream 57 –polymer-mediateddeposition,microbial
–experimentalsetup,MHDpropulsion 59 cells 9–15
–fluidpropulsionmethods 56 magneticresonanceimaging(MRI)
–implantableintracardiacprobe.See –MNPs-labeledcells 21
Implantableintracardiacprobe magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)propulsion
–simulatedperformance,MHDpropulsion –experimentalsetup 59
58 –operation 57
logsensor –simulatedperformance 58
–outputsignal 202 –thrustforce 58
–pixelcircuits 201–202 maximumpowerpoint(MPP) 290
longitudinalimplantedintrafascicular MEAs.Seemicroelectrodearrays(MEAs)
electrodes(LIFEs) 91 MEMS.Seemicro-electromechanicalsystems
lowdropout(LDO)regulator 255,256 (MEMS)
low-powerDSP metamorphosis 33,36
–activepower 71 MHDpropulsion.Seemagnetohydrodynamics
–dynamicvoltageandfrequencyscaling 72 (MHD)propulsion
–FinFETs,ultralowvoltagesubthreshold michiganelectrodes 95–96
circuits 74–76 microelectrodearrays(MEAs)
–minimumenergysubthresholdoperation –electricalactivity 229
73–74 –andinterfaceelectronics 232–233
–standbymodepowerreduction 73 –weaksignals 230
–V scalingandparallel 71–72 micro-electromechanicalsystems(MEMS)
DD
low-powersignalprocessing,circuitdesign 67
–analogsignal,subthresholdcircuits 68–69 microelectronicdevicesandmicromachines,
–analog-to-digitalconversion 69,70–71 development 265
–bioelectronicsensorinterface 67–68 microfluidicdevices 15–16
–data-processingcomponents 67 micromachiningtechnology 394
–DSP 71–74 microphotodiodearray(MPDA) 205
LSIC.Seelarge-scaleintegratedcircuit(LSIC) micropowerelectronicdesign
–biologicalrhythms 401
m –lifetimeimplantsystems 401
magneticallyfunctionalizedcells –single-antennatwo-frequenciesRF-link
–labeling,mammal(human).Seemagnetic circuit 402,403
labeling,mammal(human) –stages,radioreceivers 402
–magneticmicrobialcells.Seemagnetic microsensors(physicalandbiochemical)
microbialcells 394
–MNPs,biomedicine 7 microwireelectrodes 96–97
magneticferrofluids 8–9 miniaturizedbiomedicalimplantabledevices
magneticlabeling,mammal(human) –battery-less 46
–applications,biomedicine 20–23 –cardiacpacemaker 46
–extracellular.Seeextracellularlabeling,cells –energyharvesting 47–48
–intracellular.Seeintracellularlabeling,cells –implantablesystem 48–49
magneticmicrobialcells –locomotiveimplantandcardiacprobe.See
–biosorbentsandbiocatalysts 15 locomotiveimplantandimplantable
–directdeposition,MNPs 8–9 cardiacprobe
–polymer-mediateddeposition.See –medicalcare 45
polymer-mediateddeposition,MNPs –neurostimulation 45–46
–remotelycontrolledorganisms 16–17 –replacement,battery 46
446 Index
miniaturizedbiomedicalimplantabledevices –nanomachining(top-downtechnology)
(contd.) 248
–RFpowerharvesting.Seeradiofrequency –nanosynthesis(bottom-uptechnology) 248
(RF)powerharvesting –nanotech-enabledproducts 247,248
–wirelesscommunication.Seewireless near-fieldelectromagneticwireless
communication communication 82
mltielectrodearray(MEA) 117–118 NEMS.Seenano-electromechanicalsystems
ModularProsthesisLimb(MPL)project 415 (NEMS)
MPP.Seemaximumpowerpoint(MPP) Nernstequation 288–289
MRI.Seemagneticresonanceimaging(MRI) nerveregeneration,electricalmodulation
multichannelneuralrecordingsystems –biologicalmechanisms 102
–EEGrecording 228,229 –electrodestimulation 102
–electricalactivity 229 –peripheralnerveinjuryandrepair 101
–medicalapplications 229 neuralinterfaces 158–160
–on-chipspikedetectionandsorting –CNS.Seecentralnervoussystem(CNS)
229–230 –electricalmodulation.Seeelectrical
–state-of-art 230,231 modulation,humannervoussystem
–UWBtransmitter 230 –infraredsensor 106
multiwalledcarbonnanotube(MWCNT) –mechanicalenvironment 106
–compression,electricalconductivity 352 –PNS.Seeperipheralnervoussystem(PNS)
–graphiteelectrodes 352 neuralsignal
–PPy/PSSmembrane 355 –analysis 162–163
–andtyrosinase 353,354 –burst-levelvocabulary 167
MWCNT.Seemultiwalledcarbonnanotube –multichannelvocabulary,behavior-specific
(MWCNT) patterns 167–169
–outputpacketgeneration 169–170
–spikecharacterizationandsorting
n
166–167
nanobiosensorornanosensor –spikedetection 164–166
–cantileverarraysensors 247 –spike-levelvocabulary 163–164
–definition 247 neuroethics 412
–nanotube/nanowiresensors 247 noninvasiveelectrodes 89–90
nano-electromechanicalsystems(NEMS) noninvasiveinterfaces 413
395
nano-enabledimplantabledevice,invivo o
glucosemonitoring on-organmonitoringandtherapeuticdevices
–biomedicaldevicesforinvivoanalysis 407
249–261 operationaltransconductanceamplifier(OTA)
–nanomedicine 248–249 240,241
–nanotechnology 247–248 OTA.Seeoperationaltransconductance
nanomedicine amplifier(OTA)
–definition 248
–diagnosticdevices,development 249 p
–emergingnanomedicaltechniques 248 painmodulation,humannervoussystem
–multidisciplinaryresearchgroups –CNSstimulation 103
248–249 –outcomes 103
nanoscaletransducersandelectronics 406 –PNSstimulation 102–103
nanotechnology Parkinson’sdisease(PD) 120–121
–bioandhealthmarket 248 partiallyinvasiveinterfaces 413
–bio-nanotechnologies 248 peripheralnervoussystem(PNS)
–breakthroughs 248 –electrodedesigns 87
–GENNESYSWhitePaper 248 –extraneuralelectrodes 90
–‘‘knowledgetriangle’’ 247 –functionalafferentandefferentpathways
–nanobiosensorornanosensor 247 88–89