3D Bioprinting and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

544 Pages·2022·36.442 MB·English

by  Lijie Grace Zhang, Kam Leong, John P. Fisher

3D Bioprinting and
Nanotechnology in Tissue
Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine
3D Bioprinting and
Nanotechnology in Tissue
Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine
Second Edition
Edited by
Lijie Grace Zhang
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
John P. Fisher
Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD, United States
Kam W. Leong
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University,
New York, NY, United States
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Contents
List ofcontributors..............................................................................................................................xv
Preface................................................................................................................................................xxi
Part I Principles
CHAPTER 1 Nanotechnology: A Toolkit for Cell Behavior......................................3
ChristopherO’Brien, Sung Yun Hann, BenjaminHolmes
and Lijie Grace Zhang
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................3
1.2 Nanobiomaterials for Tissue Regeneration...............................................................4
1.2.1 CarbonNanobiomaterials................................................................................4
1.2.2 Self-AssemblingNanobiomaterials.................................................................9
1.2.3 Polymeric and CeramicNanobiomaterials....................................................12
1.3 3D Nano/Microfabrication Technology for Tissue Regeneration...........................16
1.3.1 3D Nanofibrous andNanoporousScaffolds for Tissue Regeneration..........16
1.3.2 3D Printing ofNanomaterialScaffoldsfor Tissue Regeneration.................18
1.4 Conclusion andFuture Directions...........................................................................22
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................23
Questions...................................................................................................................23
References.................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 2 Bioprinting of Biomimetic Tissue Models for Disease
Modeling and Drug Screening............................................................33
Min Tang, David Berry, KathleenMiller, Xuanyi Maand Shaochen Chen
2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................33
2.2 Current 3D Bioprinting Approaches toBuild Biomimetic TissueModels............34
2.2.1 Current3D Bioprinting Technology..............................................................34
2.2.2 CellSource andPreparation..........................................................................38
2.2.3 Biomaterial Choice........................................................................................39
2.3 Drug Screening andDiseaseModelingApplications inVarious Organs...............41
2.3.1 Liver Models..................................................................................................42
2.3.2 Cardiac and SkeletalMuscle Models............................................................44
2.3.3 Cancer Models...............................................................................................49
2.4 Challengesand FutureOutlook...............................................................................52
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................54
Declaration ofInterests............................................................................................54
References.................................................................................................................54
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 3 3D Bioprinting Techniques.................................................................71
Binil Starly and Rohan Shirwaiker
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................71
3.2 Definition and Principles of3D Bioprinting...........................................................72
3.3 3D Bioprinting Technologies...................................................................................74
3.3.1 Ink-Jet-Based Bioprinting..............................................................................75
3.3.2 Pressure-AssistedBioprinting........................................................................77
3.3.3 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting............................................................................79
3.3.4 Solenoid Valve-Based Printing......................................................................80
3.3.5 Acoustic-Jet Printing......................................................................................82
3.4 Challenges andFuture Developmentof 3D Bioprinting.........................................82
3.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................88
References.................................................................................................................89
CHAPTER 4 The Power of CAD/CAM Laser Bioprinting at the
Single-Cell Level: Evolution of Printing.............................................93
Jayant Saksena, S.C. Sklare, Theresa B.Phamduy, Yong Huang and
Douglas B.Chrisey
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................93
4.1.1 Direct Contact Versus Direct Write for Single-Cell Printing.......................93
4.2 Basicsof Laser-Assisted Printing: Overview of Systems and Critical
Ancillary Materials...................................................................................................94
4.2.1 Laser-Assisted Cell Transfer SystemComponents.......................................94
4.2.2 Absorbing Film-Assisted Laser-Induced Forward Transfer.........................95
4.2.3 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed-Laser Evaporation Direct Write..............................96
4.2.4 AncillaryMaterials........................................................................................98
4.3 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed-Laser Evaporation Direct-Write Mechanistics.................99
4.3.1 ModelingCellular Droplet Formation...........................................................99
4.3.2 Modelingof Droplet Landing Process........................................................103
4.4 Postprocessing Cell Viability and Function..........................................................105
4.5 Case Studies andApplications Illustrating the Importance of
Single-Cell Deposition...........................................................................................106
4.5.1 Isolated-Node, Single-Cell Arrays...............................................................106
4.5.2 Network-Level, Single-Cell Arrays.............................................................108
4.5.3 Next-Generation Single-Cell Arrays:Integrated,
Computation-DrivenAnalysis.....................................................................109
4.5.4 Example of Single-Cell Array via Matrix-AssistedPulsed-Laser
Evaporation DirectWrite.............................................................................110
4.5.5 Laser Direct Write for Neurons...................................................................111
4.6 Conclusion..............................................................................................................115
References...............................................................................................................116
Contents vii
CHAPTER 5 Laser Direct-Write Bioprinting: A Powerful Tool for
Engineering Cellular Microenvironments........................................123
David M.Kingsley, Andrew D. Dias, CassandraL. Robergeand
David T. Corr
5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................123
5.1.1 Spatial Influences ofthe Cellular Microenvironment.................................123
5.1.2 Overview of Printing Techniques for Engineering Cellular
Microenvironments......................................................................................124
5.1.3 Laser Direct-WriteOverview......................................................................126
5.2 Materials inLaser Direct-Write.............................................................................128
5.2.1 Material Properties Influencing CellularMicroenvironments....................128
5.2.2 Matrigel-Based Laser Direct-Write.............................................................129
5.2.3 Gelatin-Based Laser Direct-Write...............................................................130
5.2.4 DynamicRelease Layers.............................................................................131
5.2.5 Additional Hydrogels Used for Printingand the Receiving Substrate.......131
5.2.6 NonhydrogelReceiving Substrates and SynergisticTechnologies.............133
5.3 Laser Direct-Write Applications in2D.................................................................134
5.4 Laser Direct-Write Applications in3D.................................................................136
5.4.1 Microenvironments in3D............................................................................136
5.4.2 Layer-By-Layer Approaches.......................................................................137
5.4.3 Laser Direct-WriteMicrobeads...................................................................138
5.4.4 Fabrication of Core-Shelled Microenvironments........................................139
5.5 Conclusions andFutureDirections........................................................................142
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................144
Questions.................................................................................................................144
References...............................................................................................................145
CHAPTER 6 Bioink Printability Methodologies for Cell-Based
Extrusion Bioprinting........................................................................153
Joshua Copus,Sang Jin Lee and AnthonyAtala
6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................153
6.2 Definition ofPrintability........................................................................................154
6.2.1 Considerationon NovelBioink Development............................................155
6.2.2 Measures ofPrintability...............................................................................155
6.3 Relationships Between Printing Outcomes andRheological Properties..............161
6.3.1 Extrudability.................................................................................................163
6.3.2 Filament Classification................................................................................165
6.3.3 Shape Fidelity..............................................................................................166
6.3.4 Impact ofCell Density on Printing Outcomes............................................169
6.4 Relationships Between Printing Outcomes andProcessParameters....................169
viii Contents
6.4.1 Process Parameters.......................................................................................170
6.4.2 Improving Printability byProcess Parameters............................................173
6.5 Models for Printability...........................................................................................174
6.6 CurrentLimitations................................................................................................176
6.7 Conclusion..............................................................................................................176
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................177
Questions.................................................................................................................177
References...............................................................................................................177
CHAPTER 7 Hydrogels for Bioprinting.................................................................185
Jia Min Lee, WaiCheung Maand WaiYee Yeong
7.1 Hydrogelsin Bioprinting.......................................................................................185
7.1.1 Natural Hydrogel..........................................................................................185
7.1.2 Synthetic Hydrogel......................................................................................189
7.1.3 Bioinspired SyntheticHydrogel...................................................................192
7.2 Considerations for Using Hydrogel in Bioprinting...............................................193
7.2.1 GeneralConsideration.................................................................................194
7.2.2 Technology SpecificConsideration.............................................................197
7.3 Strategies Used inHydrogel-Based Bioprinting...................................................198
7.3.1 Tuning Rheology ofBioink.........................................................................199
7.3.2 Inducing Crosslinking during Bioprinting...................................................199
7.3.3 Crosslinking after Bioprinting.....................................................................199
7.3.4 Bioprinting with Support.............................................................................200
7.3.5 Hybrid Bioprinting.......................................................................................200
7.4 Perspective and Outlook........................................................................................200
References...............................................................................................................202
CHAPTER 8 4D Printing: 3D Printing of Responsive and
Programmable Materials..................................................................213
Heng Deng and Jian Lin
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................213
8.2 Responsive and Programmable Materials for 4D Printing...................................214
8.2.1 Shape-MemoryPolymers.............................................................................215
8.2.2 Responsive Shape-Changing Polymers andTheirComposites..................216
8.3 Realization of4D Printing.....................................................................................217
8.3.1 4D Printing Based on Fusion Deposition Modeling...................................218
8.3.2 4D Printing by DirectInkWriting..............................................................221
8.3.3 4D Printing by Photopolymerization...........................................................222
8.4 Applications of 4D Printing...................................................................................225
Contents ix
8.4.1 Biomedical Applications..............................................................................225
8.4.2 SoftRobots...................................................................................................227
8.4.3 Flexible Electronics.....................................................................................228
8.4.4 FoodProcessing...........................................................................................229
8.5 Conclusion andProspective...................................................................................231
Questions.................................................................................................................232
References...............................................................................................................232
Part II Applications: Nanotechnology and 3D Bioprinting for
Tissue/Organ Regeneration
CHAPTER 9 Blood Vessel Regeneration..............................................................241
Jesse K. Placone, Megan Kimicataand John P. Fisher
9.1 Introduction............................................................................................................241
9.1.1 Additive Manufacturing...............................................................................242
9.1.2 Important Proteinsfor Vasculature..............................................................243
9.1.3 Application toVascular Implants................................................................244
9.2 Cell-FreeScaffolds.................................................................................................245
9.2.1 Electrospinning............................................................................................246
9.2.2 Stereolithography.........................................................................................247
9.2.3 Fused-Deposition Modeling.........................................................................249
9.3 Cell-BasedScaffolds..............................................................................................251
9.3.1 Inkjet Printing..............................................................................................251
9.3.2 Extrusion-Based Bioprinting.......................................................................253
9.3.3 Laser-AssistedPrinting................................................................................255
9.4 Comparisonofthe Technologies...........................................................................257
9.4.1 Applications to the Vascular System andOther
Tissue-Engineered Implants.........................................................................257
9.5 Future Directions....................................................................................................258
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................259
References...............................................................................................................259
CHAPTER 10 3D Printing and Patterning Vasculature in
Engineered Tissues...........................................................................267
Bagrat Grigoryan and Jordan S. Miller
10.1 Introduction............................................................................................................267
10.1.1 MacroporousConstructs asTissueTemplates..........................................267
10.1.2 Fabricating Fluidic Networks withinBiomaterials...................................269
10.1.3 Approaches toFabricateEndothelializedand Cell-Laden Tissue
Constructs...................................................................................................271
x Contents
10.1.4 Approaches to Integrate Patterned Vasculature InVivo...........................273
10.1.5 Patterning Multiscale Vasculature with Endothelial Function.................276
10.1.6 Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, and InVivo Integration...........................277
10.1.7 Advanced Technologieswhich May Assist in Vascular Tissue
Fabrication..................................................................................................280
References...............................................................................................................281
CHAPTER 11 Craniofacial and Dental Tissue........................................................287
Michael Larsen, Ruchi Mishra, MichaelMiller and David Dean
11.1 Introduction............................................................................................................287
11.2 Clinical Need for Craniofacial andDentalRegenerative Medicine.....................288
11.2.1 Major Diagnoses andCauses.....................................................................288
11.2.2 Standard-of-Care Procedures.....................................................................289
11.3 Craniofacial andDentalRegenerative Medicine Research...................................294
11.3.1 Novel Materials..........................................................................................294
11.3.2 Teeth...........................................................................................................294
11.3.3 Bone...........................................................................................................296
11.3.4 TemporomandibularJoint..........................................................................297
11.4 BoneTissueEngineering Strategies......................................................................298
11.4.1 Scaffolds.....................................................................................................300
11.4.2 Growth Factors...........................................................................................301
11.4.3 Cell-BasedTherapies.................................................................................301
11.4.4 New Craniofacial Tissues..........................................................................303
11.4.5 Bioreactors.................................................................................................303
11.5 Conclusions............................................................................................................304
Acknowledgment....................................................................................................305
References...............................................................................................................305
CHAPTER 12 3D Printing for Craniofacial Bone Regeneration.............................311
Naboneeta Sarkar, Yuxiao Zhou and WarrenGrayson
12.1 Introduction............................................................................................................311
12.2 Anatomyand Mechanics ofCraniofacial Bone....................................................313
12.2.1 Structure ofCraniofacial Bone..................................................................313
12.2.2 Craniofacial BoneBiomechanics..............................................................314
12.3 Materialsfor Craniofacial Scaffold.......................................................................316
12.3.1 Bioceramicsand BioactiveGlasses...........................................................316
12.3.2 Metals.........................................................................................................317
12.3.3 Natural and SyntheticPolymers................................................................318
12.3.4 Hydrogels...................................................................................................319