3926-Role of PA in Alleviating Poverty 1.pmd

712 Pages·2005·3 MB·English

The Role of Public Administration
in Alleviating Poverty and
Improving Governance
Selected Papers from the Launching Conference of the
Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes
of Public Administration and Governance
(NAPSIPAG)
Edited by
Jak Jabes
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
6-8 December 2004
Role of PA prelim.pmd 1 09/11/2005, 4:00 PM
© 2005 Asian Development Bank
All rights reserved. Published 2005.
The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank or
its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data
included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence
of their use.
Use of the term “country” does not imply any judgment by the authors or the
Asian Development Bank as to the legal or other status of any territorial
entity.
ISBN 971-561-593-3
Publication Stock No. 080805
Published and printed by the Asian Development Bank, 2005.
Role of PA prelim.pmd 2 09/11/2005, 3:14 PM
Table of Contents
Foreword ix
Introductory Papers 1
Paradoxes of Human Nature and Public 3
Management Reform
COLIN TALBOT
Poverty and Governance: The Role of the State, 23
Good Governance and an Enabling Policy Framework in
Poverty Alleviation in Malaysia
CHAMHURI SIWAR
Session 1 - Leadership and Change Management 41
Leadership and Change Management 43
JEFFREY STRAUSSMAN
Leadership in Public Administration for Alleviating Poverty 46
and Development: A Conceptual Approach
E. H. VALSAN
Gender Responsive Governance in India: 57
The Experience of Rajasthan
SHEILA RAI
Administrative Discretion and Representative 73
Bureaucracy: Linking Descriptive Representation
to Substantive Representation
AHMAD MARTADHA MOHAMED
Educating and Training Japanese Government Officials: 96
Current Trends and Policy Study Aspects
TATSUO OYAMA
Session 2 - Strengthening Democratic Institutions 111
Workshop on Strengthening Democratic 113
Institutions – Convenor’s Report
SYED ABU AHMAD AKIF
Role of PA prelim.pmd 3 09/11/2005, 3:14 PM
iv The Role of Public Administration in Alleviating Poverty and Improving Governance
A Values-Based Approach to Public Sector Reform: 118
The Australian Experience
SARAH CLEAVES
Local Government in Bangladesh: Major Issues 141
and Challenges
H. RAHMAN and MIZANUR RAHMAN
Strengthening Democratic Institutions in Nepal: 160
Issues and Challenges
GOVIND P. DHAKAL
The Role of Civil Service Training in Strengthening 173
Democratic Institutions in Pakistan
SYED ABU AHMAD AKIF and MUHAMMAD KHALID NADEEM KHAN
Deliberate Democracy and Electoral Fallacy: 206
The Logic of Coexistence
AMITA SINGH
Poverty Alleviation and Peace Building in Multiethnic 230
Societies: The Need for Multiculturalist Governance in
the Philippines
MACAPADO A. MUSLIM
Session 3 - Citizen Empowerment Through Participation 249
Citizen Empowerment through Participation in the 251
Context of Poverty Alleviation
VICTORIA A. BAUTISTA
A State of Learning: Strategies for Reducing Social and 256
Economic Disadvantage at the Personal, Local and
State Level
JENNIFER LAURITSEN
Addressing Poverty Through Self Help Groups— 277
A Case Study of Kerala
JAYA S. ANAND
Citizen Empowerment through Participation— 291
Pakistan’s Case
AHMAD NADEEM KHAN
NAPSIPAG
Role of PA prelim.pmd 4 09/11/2005, 3:14 PM
Contents v
People’s Organization’s Interface in Poverty 312
Alleviation Program: The CIDSS Experience
LILIBETH JOVITA J. JUAN and NAPOLEON ALLAN PRIETO
The Institutional Design and Citizen Participation 333
in Local Governance
KENG-MING HSU and CHUN-YUAN WANG
Foreign Aid and Civil Society: An Assessment of 348
USAID Policy Assumptions in India
MARY BREEDING
Session 4 - Economic and Financial Management 369
Workshop on Economic and Financial Management 371
RAM KUMAR MISHRA
The Urban Poverty Problem and the Minimum Living 374
Security System in the People’s Republic of China
YE XIANGQUN
The Development-Oriented Poverty Reduction Program 385
for Rural People’s Republic of China: A Successful Case
in the International Campaign to Alleviate Poverty
YU JUN
Governing through Governance: Changing Social Policy 397
Paradigms in Post-Mao People’s Republic of China
KA-HO MOK
Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh: Does Good 423
Governance Matter?
AKM AHSAN ULLAH
Privatization Challenges for Good Governance— 443
A Case of India
RAM KUMAR MISHRA
Impact Assessment of Poverty Alleviation Programs 456
in India—Some Administrative and Institutional Issues
RATNA NAIK
Options for Fiscal Policies Aimed at Sustaining Education, 466
Health Care, and Social Protection Systems in the
Kyrgyz Republic
ROMAN MOGILEVSKY
NAPSIPAG
Role of PA prelim.pmd 5 09/11/2005, 3:14 PM
vi The Role of Public Administration in Alleviating Poverty and Improving Governance
Public Service Delivery Mechanism and Rural 474
Poverty in Nepal
PARASHAR KOIRALA
Poverty Alleviation in Uzbekistan’s Strategy of 490
National Development
ALISHER YUNUSOV
Session 5 - Effective Public Service Delivery 499
Poverty Alleviation through Effective Public 500
Service Delivery
MENGZHONG ZHANG
Improving Governance and Services: 503
Can E-Government Help?
JULIAN TEICHER and RFI SMITH
Rural Poverty Alleviation in India: An Assessment of 522
Public Programs
B. S. GHUMAN and GURPINDER CHIMA
Improving Public Service Delivery Through 537
Bureaucracy Reform
AWANG ANWARUDDIN
Mutually Reinforcing Cycles of Public Service Delivery 555
and Poverty Reduction Program:Lesson from the
Implementation of Social Safety Net Program in Indonesia
DJONET SANTOSO
Session 6 - Special Session on the Teaching of Public 569
Administration and Policy
Teaching Public Policy and Administration: 571
Controversies and Directions
SCOTT FRITZEN
‘But it’s different in my country’: Teaching Public 576
Administration Using Western Materials
JO BAULDERSTONE and PADDY O’TOOLE
NAPSIPAG
Role of PA prelim.pmd 6 09/11/2005, 3:14 PM
Contents vii
Managing Group Work in Public Policy Programs 587
CAROLE COMERTON-FORDE, JIM KITAY, STEPHEN NICHOLAS
and JEANEY YIP
Teaching Public Policy in MPA Programs in the 604
People’s Republic of China
NGOK KINGLUN
Using Extended Role-Plays to Develop Policy and 611
Decision-Making Skills in Cases where Interpretations
of What is in the ‘Best Public Interest’ are Strongly
Contested
MARK RICHARD HAYLLAR
Dialogues in Public Administration: A New Zealand- 632
Vietnamese Case Study
ROBERT GEORGE LAKING
Enhancing the Role of Public Administration Education 644
to Support the Attainment of the Millennium
Development Goals
JOEL V. MANGAHAS
Teaching Policy Analysis in a Complex World: 677
The Post-Positivist Route for Programs in Asia and
the Pacific
DAN DURNING
Power Implications of Lecture and Participatory 699
Teaching Techniques
STEVEN E. AUFRECHT and XIE MING
NAPSIPAG
Role of PA prelim.pmd 7 09/11/2005, 3:14 PM
FOREWORD
In 2002, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) undertook to provide
technical assistance to institutions dedicated to educating and training
citizens of the Asia and Pacific region in public administration. From the
start, it was hoped that they would form an association to encourage the
sharing of expertise and good practice, assist one another in the continuing
development of public administration theory and practice through research
and other initiatives, and foster cooperation and collaboration between
and among the members in the pursuit of related and common interests.
The Asian crisis of 1997 had showed us the degree to which this
region is vulnerable in its march toward economic growth and development;
lack of good public management and related training was thought to have
played some role. Strengthening the public service in Asia and the Pacific
is key to the region’s growth because as countries move towards more
liberalized economies, the regulatory function of government becomes more
important to their success.
In the different subregions of Asia, we find countries with many
similarities, both historic and systemic. For example, Central Asian republics
share degrees of linguistic and religious commonality and are characterized
often by their Soviet past and overcentralized systems, which continue to
hamper their transition to market economies. The countries of the Mekong
region are experimenting with mixed political systems that keep political
control within the state apparatus while bringing in market elements. In
South Asia, extensive moves are afoot to open economies further, in pace
with emerging economies in East and Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and
Thailand. In each subregion, the similarities militate for some degree of
regional cooperation in public administration education in order to capitalize
on regionally available capacity and respond to market efficiency. Project-
based capacity development should be complemented with the building
of indigenous governance/public administration advisory capacity to
encourage local and regional solutions to the major deficiencies of public
administration in Asia and the Pacific. An educational network can help
greatly in achieving these goals.
As part of its mandated role to catalyze greater regional cooperation
and the exchange of good practices for development, ADB foresaw a network
to address the knowledge management and regional cooperation gap among
its developing member countries. Underlying this initiative was the belief
Role of PA prelim.pmd 9 09/11/2005, 3:14 PM
x The Role of Public Administration in Alleviating Poverty and Improving Governance
that schools and institutes of public administration in Asia and the Pacific
are potentially powerful advisory resources that can strengthen governance
and public management. These institutes have the advantage of being locally
sustainable and becoming powerful institutional change agents based on
their local knowledge, acceptability, and influence.
The experiences of thriving networks in other regions show clearly
that part of their accomplishment has been the improvement in the quality
of governance through their capacity-building initiatives and their
promotion of the highest standards of professional practice in government
policy making and administration. Such networks also provide an important
means of sharing information about best practices not only in the education
and training of government officials, but also about effective government
policy and management itself.
Thus, beginning in 2003, ADB has supported the establishment of
the Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration
and Governance (NAPSIPAG). NAPSIPAG aspires to be a leading regional
cooperation arrangement in Asia and the Pacific that is able to develop
strong and capable leaders in public service who can initiate and manage
modernization in their respective countries in partnership with the various
stakeholders of governance. The December 2004 Conference on which
this book is based, which brought together more than 200 participants
from government and higher learning institutions representing 26 countries,
constituted its launch.
The Conference had three objectives. The first was to put the Network,
i.e., NAPSIPAG, in place. The second was to ensure that public
administration and policy educators and practitioners of the region could
share their experiences. The third concerned learning from innovations in
poverty alleviation and good governance that could be used to promote
development in general and improve outcomes for the poor in particular.
By the end of the conference, the seeds for NAPSIPAG were planted,
an Interim Steering Committee was chosen from among participants to
advance it, and the first objective was met.
NAPSIPAG will depend on the sharing of expertise among individuals
and institutions across countries and regions, in the hope of making
significant contributions to the reform process while honing the capacity
of current and would-be leaders. The globalization era, technological
revolution, the emerging philosophy of development, all have brought about
changes in the role of civil servants. As a result, the demand for skill and
competency training programs for those who are destined to become leaders
in their several fields is greater than ever; if this demand is not met, civil
services in developing countries all over Asia and the Pacific will fall farther
NAPSIPAG
Role of PA prelim.pmd 10 09/11/2005, 3:14 PM
Workshop on Economic and Financial ManFaogreemwoerndt xxii
and farther behind. Training institutions are striving to provide the kind of
training and education that meets and at the same time anticipates the
new challenges being faced by public servants.
To meet the needs of educators and set the tone for cooperation among
participating institutions, thus satisfying the NAPSIPAG launching
conference’s second objective, one workshop session was devoted to the
“teaching of public administration and policy.” It was felt useful to have a
discussion on pedagogy of the public administration discipline with specific
reference to Asia and selected papers appear in the book. To meet the third
objective, it was decided to take a critical look at the crucial role public
administration plays in poverty alleviation through improved governance,
and this subject was treated through five workshops.
This book is a compendium of selected presentations representing
the six workshops around which the NAPSIPAG launching conference was
organized. It is always difficult to choose the most appropriate papers for
publication and errors can be made. However, we believe the articles in
this book taken together give a flavor of the preoccupations of scholars,
public servants, researchers, and students of public administration in the
Asia and Pacific region at this time.
Organizing such a conference, bringing people from a wide geography
together, and ensuring that they bond around common objectives is never
easy. It is important to take this occasion to recognize those who helped us
achieve our objectives. The International Association of Schools and Institutes
of Administration and its former president, Mr. Allan Rosenbaum; the
Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration of Central and
Eastern Europe and its Executive Director, Ludmila Gajdosova; the Korean
Institute of Public Administration and its former director, Yun-Won Hwang;
members of the China National School of Administration (CNSA) and
especially its Vice President, Yuan Shuhong; the National Association of
Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) and Prof. Jeff
Straussman, who is the head of its International Education Committee
were all instrumental in helping us advance the concept of NAPSIPAG.
Additionally and importantly, our very sincere thanks go to senior
administrators of Malaysia’s National Institute of Public Administration
(INTAN), Dr. Zulkurnain Haji Awang, its former director, who had the
foresight to see the importance of the Network and extend an invitation to
all to come to Malaysia; and the current Director, Dr. Hj. Malek Shah bin
Hj. Mohd Yusoff, whose understanding and generosity has ensured that
we could hold the conference under ideal conditions. Assistance in the
organization of the Conference, in launching NAPSIPAG and in the
preparation of this publication by Eden Valmonte-Santiago, Consultant
NAPSIPAG
Role of PA prelim.pmd 11 09/11/2005, 3:14 PM