(2ed., AP, 2009)(ISBN 012374301X)(O)(570s)

570 Pages·2009·6.2 MB·English

Lens Design Fundamentals
Second Edition
RUDOLF KINGSLAKE
R. BARRY JOHNSON
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09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my dearest wife Marianne Faircloth Johnson
and our remarkable son Rutherford Barry Johnson
for their gentle encouragement and support.
In memory of my parents,
J. Ralph and Sara F. Johnson,
for their enduring tolerance of my often trying inquisitiveness.
And
In memory of Rudolf Kingslake (1903–2003),
who taught me to appreciate the beauty in well-designed lenses.
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition ix
Preface to the First Edition xiii
A Special Tribute to Rudolf Kingslake xv
Chapter 1 The Work of the Lens Designer 1
1.1 Relations Between Designer and Factory 2
1.2 The Design Procedure 8
1.3 Optical Materials 11
1.4 Interpolation of Refractive Indices 16
1.5 Lens Types to be Considered 20
Chapter 2 Meridional Ray Tracing 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Graphical Ray Tracing 30
2.3 Trigonometrical Ray Tracing at a Spherical Surface 32
2.4 Some Useful Relations 37
2.5 Cemented Doublet Objective 41
2.6 Ray Tracing at a Tilted Surface 42
2.7 Ray Tracing at an Aspheric Surface 45
Chapter 3 Paraxial Rays and First-Order Optics 51
3.1 Tracing a Paraxial Ray 52
3.2 Magnification and the Lagrange Theorem 63
3.3 The Gaussian Optics of a Lens System 67
3.4 First-Order Layout of an Optical System 78
3.5 Thin-Lens Layout of Zoom Systems 87
Chapter 4 Aberration Theory 101
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Symmetrical Optical Systems 101
4.3 Aberration Determination Using Ray Trace Data 114
4.4 Calculation of Seidel Aberration Coefficients 128
Contents v
Chapter 5 Chromatic Aberration 137
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Spherochromatism of a Cemented Doublet 139
5.3 Contribution of a Single Surface to the Primary
Chromatic Aberration 143
5.4 Contribution of a Thin Element in a System
to the Paraxial Chromatic Aberration 145
5.5 Paraxial Secondary Spectrum 149
5.6 Predesign of a Thin Three-Lens Apochromat 152
5.7 The Separated Thin-Lens Achromat (Dialyte) 156
5.8 Chromatic Aberration Tolerances 162
5.9 Chromatic Aberration at Finite Aperture 163
Chapter 6 Spherical Aberration 173
6.1 Surface Contribution Formulas 176
6.2 Zonal Spherical Aberration 194
6.3 Primary Spherical Aberration 197
6.4 The Image Displacement Caused
by a Planoparallel Plate 204
6.5 Spherical Aberration Tolerances 206
Chapter 7 Design of a Spherically Corrected Achromat 209
7.1 The Four-Ray Method 209
7.2 A Thin-Lens Predesign 211
7.3 Correction of Zonal Spherical Aberration 216
7.4 Design of an Apochromatic Objective 220
Chapter 8 Oblique Beams 227
8.1 Passage of an Oblique Beam through
a Spherical Surface 227
8.2 Tracing Oblique Meridional Rays 234
8.3 Tracing a Skew Ray 238
8.4 Graphical Representation of Skew-Ray
Aberrations 243
8.5 Ray Distribution from a Single Zone
of a Lens 252
Chapter 9 Coma and the Sine Condition 255
9.1 The Optical Sine Theorem 255
9.2 The Abbe Sine Condition 256
vi Contents
9.3 Offense Against the Sine Condition 258
9.4 Illustration of Comatic Error 266
Chapter 10 Design of Aplanatic Objectives 269
10.1 Broken-Contact Type 269
10.2 Parallel Air-Space Type 272
10.3 An Aplanatic Cemented Doublet 275
10.4 A Triple Cemented Aplanat 277
10.5 An Aplanat with a Buried Achromatizing
Surface 280
10.6 The Matching Principle 283
Chapter 11 The Oblique Aberrations 289
11.1 Astigmatism and the Coddington Equations 289
11.2 The Petzval Theorem 297
11.3 Illustration of Astigmatic Error 306
11.4 Distortion 306
11.5 Lateral Color 313
11.6 The Symmetrical Principle 316
11.7 Computation of the Seidel Aberrations 318
Chapter 12 Lenses in Which Stop Position Is a Degree
of Freedom 323
12.1 The H0 – L Plot 323
12.2 Simple Landscape Lenses 325
12.3 A Periscopic Lens 331
12.4 Achromatic Landscape Lenses 334
12.5 Achromatic Double Lenses 339
Chapter 13 Symmetrical Double Anastigmats with Fixed Stop 351
13.1 The Design of a Dagor Lens 351
13.2 The Design of an Air-Spaced Dialyte Lens 355
13.3 A Double-Gauss–Type Lens 363
13.4 Double-Gauss Lens with Cemented Triplets 369
13.5 Double-Gauss Lens with Air-spaced Negative
Doublets 373
Chapter 14 Unsymmetrical Photographic Objectives 379
14.1 The Petzval Portrait Lens 379
14.2 The Design of a Telephoto Lens 388
14.3 Lenses to Change Magnification 397
Contents vii
14.4 The Protar Lens 400
14.5 Design of a Tessar Lens 409
14.6 The Cooke Triplet Lens 419
Chapter 15 Mirror and Catadioptric Systems 439
15.1 Comparison of Mirrors and Lenses 439
15.2 Ray Tracing a Mirror System 440
15.3 Single-Mirror Systems 442
15.4 Single-Mirror Catadioptric Systems 447
15.5 Two-Mirror Systems 471
15.6 Multiple-Mirror Zoom Systems 482
15.7 Summary 497
Chapter 16 Eyepiece Design 501
16.1 Design of a Military-Type Eyepiece 502
16.2 Design of an Erfle Eyepiece 506
16.3 Design of a Galilean Viewfinder 510
Chapter 17 Automatic Lens Improvement Programs 513
17.1 Finding a Lens Design Solution 514
17.2 Optimization Principles 518
17.3 Weights and Balancing Aberrations 522
17.4 Control of Boundary Conditions 523
17.5 Tolerances 524
17.6 Program Limitations 525
17.7 Lens Design Computing Development 525
17.8 Programs and Books Useful for Automatic
Lens Design 529
Appendix A Selected Bibliography of Writings
byRudolf Kingslake 535
Index 537
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Preface to the Second Edition
Inasmuchas thefirsteditionofthis bookcouldbe regardedasanextension
andmodernizationofProfessorAlexanderEugenConrady’sAppliedOpticsand
Optical Design, this second edition can be viewed as a further extension and
modernization of Conrady’s 80-year-old treatise.1 As was stated in the preface
to the first edition, referring to Conrady’s book, “This was the first practical
text to be written in English for serious students of lens design, and it received
a worldwide welcome.” Until then, optical design was generally in a disorga-
nized state and design procedures were often considered rather mysterious by
many.
In 1917, the Department of Technical Optics at the Imperial College of Sci-
enceandTechnologyinLondonwasfounded.Conradywasinvitedtotheprin-
cipalteachingpositionasaresultofhistwodecadesofsuccessindesigningnew
types of telescopic, microscopic, and photographic lens systems, and for his
workduringWWIindesigningmostofthenewformsofsubmarineperiscopes
andsomeothermilitaryinstruments.Arguably,hisgreatestachievementwasto
establish systematic and instructive methods for teaching practical optical
design techniques to students and practitioners alike. Without question,
Conrady is the father of practical lens design.2,3
RudolfKingslake(1903–2003)earnedanMSc.degreeunderProfessorCon-
rady,earninghimselfacommendablereputationwhileastudentandduringhis
early career. Soon after The Institute of Optics was founded in 1929 at the
University of Rochester in New York, Kingslake was appointed an Assistant
Professor of Geometrical Optics and Optical Design. His contributions to the
fields of lens design and optical engineering are legendary. Most lens designers
cantracetherootsoftheireducationbacktoKingslake.FollowinginConrady’s
footsteps,KingslakeiscertainlythefatheroflensdesignintheUnitedStates.
1A.E.Conrady,AppliedOpticsandOpticalDesign,PartI,OxfordUniv.Press,London(1929);
alsoDover,NewYork(1957);PartII,Dover,NewYork(1960).
2R.KingslakeandH.G.Kingslake,“AlexanderEugenConrady,1866–1944,”AppliedOptics,
5(1):176–178(1966).
3ConradycommentedthathelimitedthecontentofhisbooktowhatthegreatEnglishelectri-
calengineerSilvamusP.Thomsoncalled“realoptics”andexcludedpurelymathematicalacro-
batics,whichThomsoncalled“examinationoptics”(seeRef.1).