2300 BC–AD 500

86 Pages·2011·39.77 MB·English

3
UNIT 2300 BC–AD 500
Civilization in
India and China
Chapter 5 Ancient India
Chapter 6 Ancient China
118
6-8_SNLAESE485829_U03O.indd 118 7/10/10 9:36:47 AM
What You Will Learn…
Two of the earliest civilizations of the ancient
world arose in India and in China. In both of
these places, river valleys provided the set-
ting for the development of civilization. The
Indians and Chinese built large empires and
made many advances in science, art, and
learning.
These civilizations also gave rise to new
spiritual traditions. Two of the world’s major
religions—Hinduism and Buddhism—began
in India. In China, the scholars Confucius
and Laozi developed ideas that infl uenced
Chinese thinking and society for more than
2,000 years.
In the next two chapters, you will learn
about the advanced civilizations and cultures
of India and China.
Explore the Art
In this scene, the Chinese emperor Shi
Huangdi oversees the building of a massive
wall in 220 BC. Why do you think people
might build such a giant barrier?
119
6-8_SNLAESE485829_U03O.indd 119 7/10/10 9:37:30 AM
FFFFLLLLOOOORRRRIIIIDDDDAAAAAA
.... .... ....
Story Continues
The
CHAPTER 5, Ancient India (2300 BC–AD 500)
1990–Present: The Asian Indian population of Florida
PEOPLE
grows. Asian Indians are one of the fastest-growing
population groups in Florida. According to the U.S. Census the
Asian Indian population of Florida stood at about 30,000 in 1990.
By 2000 that number had risen to more than 70,000. In 2010 the
government estimated that nearly 129,000 Asian Indians lived in
the state. Th at was an 82 percent increase since 2000. Many Asian
Indians have settled in Alachua County, the Greater Orlando
area, Hillsborough County, and the Florida Gold Coast (Monroe,
Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties).
1996: The Hindu Temple of Florida is built in Tampa.
PLACES
Th e Hindu Temple of Florida is built in a traditional
Hindu architectural style. A grand staircase leads to the main
gate on the second fl oor of the temple. Th ere are two sets of 18
steps—a step for each of the 18 chapters of the Bhagavad-Gita, s
e
u
the Hindu holy book. Shri Jay and Shri Vijay—the gatekeepers— ntin
o
stand guard at the bottom of the stairs. Th e pyramid-like gate C
y
tower soars 70 feet into the air. Its surface is decorated with Stor
e
detailed sculptures. Th e inner and outer walls of the temple are h
T
also decorated with elephants, peacocks, lotus fl owers, and a. . .
d
other sculptures. A team of 10 shilpis—temple sculptors—came ori
Fl
from India to decorate the temple. It took them years to com- er 1
plete the work. Th e temple is dedicated to fi ve deities: Ganesha, apt
h
C
the remover of obstacles; Siva, god of destruction; Lakshmi, e
e
S
goddess of wealth; Subramanya, eliminator of lust, anger and s:
ego; and Satyanarayana , a form of Lord Vishnu, preserver of edit
cr
the universe. Th e statues of the deities were made in India. o
ot
h
P
119 FL1
6-8_SFLESE607337_C05_SC.indd 1 10/6/11 12:48:28 PM
1999: Construction begins on the heralded his return with lamps. Each
PLACES
Shiva Vishnu Temple of South year during Diwali, Hindus light clay oil
Florida in Broward County. Dr. Gana- lamps in memory of the event. In other
pati Sthapati is a well-known temple parts of India the festival honors Lak-
architect from India. He designed the shmi, the goddess of wealth. Lights are
Shiva Vishnu Temple of South Florida in used to welcome Lakshmi into the
the traditional Dravidian temple style of home. Each year Diwali celebrations are
South India. It is the same style of archi- held in Hindu temples and homes
tecture as the Hindu Temple of Florida. throughout Florida.
Twelve shilpis came from India to add
the sculptures. Th is process is known as
Present: Florida is home to
Indianization. Being a shilpi is an PLACES
many Buddhist centers. Th e
ancient Indian profession. Th e designs
Kadampa Meditation Center in Sarasota
and methods the shilpi use are guided by
is one of the main U.S. centers of the
Hindu tradition.
New Kadampa Tradition of Buddhism.
Kadampa Buddhism is a Mahayana
Present: Florida Hindus celebrate Buddhist school founded by the Indian
EVENTS
Diwali. Diwali is the Hindu Buddhist master Atisha (AD 982–1054).
Festival of Lights. According to North Atisha’s followers are known as Kad-
Indian tradition, Diwali celebrates the ampas. Ka refers to Buddha’s teachings,
victory of the Hindu god Rama over the and dam to Atisha’s special instructions
evil king Ravana. When Rama returned known as the stages of the path to
home after killing Ravana, villagers enlightenment.
…
<
Unpacking the Florida Standards
s
e
u
n
nti Read the following to learn what this standard says and what it means. See FL8–FL29
o
C
y to unpack all of the standards related to this chapter.
or
St
he Benchmark SS.6.W.4.2 Explain the major beliefs and practices associated
T
da. . . wExitahm Hpinledsu aisrme B arnadh mthaen s, oreciinacl satrrnuacttiourne, dohf athrme caa, kstaer msyas, taehmim ins aa,n mcioeknst hInad.ia.
ori
Fl
1 What does it mean?
er
pt Understand the key aspects of Hinduism and analyze how Hinduism affected the
a
Ch development of ancient India. Describe the caste system that developed in India.
e
e
S
s:
dit
e SPOTLIGHT ON
cr
o
ot SS.6.G.2.2 See page FL42 for content specifically related to this Chapter 5
h
P
standard.
119 FL2
6-8_SFLESE607337_C05_SC.indd 2 10/6/11 12:48:46 PM
5
CHAPTER 2300 BC–AD 500
Ancient
India
Essential Question How do India’s rich history and
culture affect the world today?
Florida Next Generation
Sunshine State Standards
SS.6.G.2.2 Differentiate between continents, regions, countries,
and cities in order to understand the complexities of regions cre-
ated by civilizations. SS.6.G.2.3 Analyze the relationship of physical geography to
the development of ancient river valley civilizations. S S.6.G.2.4 Explain how the
geographical location of ancient civilizations contributed to the culture and politics
of those societies. SS.6.G.2.5 Interpret how geographic boundaries invite or limit
interaction with other regions and cultures. SS.6.G.2.6 Explain the concept of
cultural diffusion, and identify the influences of different ancient cultures on one
another. SS.6.G.3.1 Explain how the physical landscape has affected the develop-
ment of agriculture and industry in the ancient world. SS.6.G.4.2 Use maps to trace
significant migrations, and analyze their results. S S.6.G.4.4 Map and analyze the
impact of the spread of various belief systems in the ancient world. S S.6.W.1.1 Use
timelines to identify chronological order of historical events. SS.6.W.2.4 Compare
the economic, political, social, and religious institutions of ancient river civilizations.
SS.6.W.4.1 Discuss the significance of Aryan and other tribal migrations on Indian
civilization. SS.6.W.4.2 Explain the major beliefs and practices associated with Hin-
duism and the social structure of the caste system in ancient India. S S.6.W.4.3 Rec-
ognize the political and cultural achievements of the Mauryan and Gupta empires.
SS.6.W.4.4 Explain the teachings of Buddha, the importance of Asoka, and how
Buddhism spread in India, Ceylon, and other parts of Asia. SS.6.W.4.5 Summarize
the important achievements and contributions of ancient Indian civilization.
c. 2300 BC
The Harappan
FOCUS ON WRITING civilization
develops.
CHAPTER
An Illustrated Poster Ancient India was a fascinating place. It was
EVENTS
the home of amazing cities, the site of strong empires, and the birthplace
2300 BC
of major religions. As you read this chapter, think about how you could
illustrate one aspect of Indian culture in a poster. When you finish the WORLD 2200 BC
chapter, you will design such a poster, which will include captions that EVENTS The Old
explain the illustrations you have drawn. Kingdom
ends in
Egypt.
120 CHAPTER 5
6-8_SFLAESE607337_C05O.indd 120 2/23/11 10:27:05 AM
In this photo, crowds of Hindus gather
to bathe in the sacred Ganges River.
c. 1250 BC c. 563 BC c. AD 320
1500s BC
Hinduism Prince Siddhartha Candra
Aryans begin
begins to Gautama, or the Gupta I
migrating
develop Buddha, is born in founds the
into India.
in India. northern India. Gupta Empire.
1500 BC 1000 BC 500 BC BC 1 AD AD 500
c. 1500 BC 334 BC AD 391 All
The Shang Alexander non-Christian
dynasty is the Great religions are
established begins his banned in
in China. conquests. the Roman
Empire.
ANCIENT INDIA 121
6-8_SNLAESE485829_C05O.indd 121 7/10/10 9:53:01 AM
Reading Social Studies
Science and
Economics Geography Politics
Religion Society and Technology
Culture
Focus on Themes This chapter outlines and the society and culture that restricted who Indian
describes the development of India. You will read people could talk with or marry. Finally, you will read
about India’s fi rst civilization, the Harappan civilization, about the religions and empires that united India
so advanced that the people had indoor bathrooms and about the art and literature that Indians created.
and their own writing system. You will also learn about
Inferences about History
Focus on Reading What’s the difference between a good guess
and a weak guess? A good guess is an educated guess. In other words,
the guess is based on some knowledge or information. That’s what an
inference is, an educated guess.
Making Inferences About What You Read Making inferences is
similar to drawing conclusions. You use almost the same process to
make an inference: combine information from your reading—what’s
“inside the text”—with what you already know—what’s “outside the
text”—and make an educated guess about what it all means. Once you
have made several inferences, you may be able to draw a conclusion
that ties them all together.
Steps for Making Inferences Question: Why did Aryan priests have rules
for performing sacrifi ces?
1. Ask a question.
Inside the Text Outside the Text
2. Note information “inside the
Text.” Sacred texts tell how to Other religions have
perform sacrifi ces. duties only priests can
3. Note information “outside the
perform.
Text.”
Priests sacrifi ced animals Many ancient societies
4. U se both sets of information
in fi re. believed sacrifi ces helped
to make an educated guess,
keep the gods happy.
or inference.
Sacrifi ces were offered to
the gods.
Inference: The Aryans believed that performing a
sacrifi ce incorrectly might anger the gods.
122 CHAPTER 5
6-8_SNLAESE485829_C05RS.indd 122 7/10/10 9:21:16 AM
LA.6.1.6.1 The student will use new vocabulary that is
introduced and taught directly. LA.6.1.7.3 The student Key Terms
will determine the main idea or essential message in grade-level text
through inferring, paraphrasing, summarizing, and identifying relevant
details. SS.6.W.2.4 Compare the economic, political, social, and and People
religious institutions of ancient river civilizations.
You Try It! Chapter 5
Section 1
The following passage is from the chapter you are about to read. subcontinent (p. 124)
Read the passage and then answer the questions that follow. monsoons (p. 125)
Sanskrit (p. 129)
Harappan Achievements
Section 2
Harappan civilization was very advanced. From caste system (p. 131)
Most houses had bathrooms with indoor Chapter 5, Hinduism (p. 133)
p. 128 reincarnation (p. 133)
plumbing. Artisans made excellent pottery,
karma (p. 134)
jewelry, ivory objects, and cotton clothing.
Jainism (p. 134)
They used high-quality tools and developed
nonviolence (p. 135)
a system of weights and measures.
Sikhism, (p. 135)
Harappans also developed India’s fi rst
writing system. However, scholars have not Section 3
yet learned to read this language, so we know fasting (p. 137)
very little about Harappan society. Histori- meditation (p.137)
ans think that the Harappans had kings and the Buddha (p. 137)
strong central governments, but they aren’t Buddhism (p. 138)
sure. As in Egypt, the people may have wor- nirvana (p. 138)
shipped the king as a god. missionaries (p.140)
Harappan civilization ended by the early
Section 4
1700s BC, but no one is sure why.
Candragupta Maurya (p. 142)
Asoka (p. 143)
Candra Gupta II (p. 144)
Answer the following questions to make inferences about
Section 5
Harappan society.
metallurgy (p. 150)
1. Do you think the Harappan language was closely related to the alloys (p. 150)
languages spoken in India today? Consider the information inside the Hindu-Arabic numerals
text and things you have learned outside the text to make an infer- (p. 150)
ence about the Harappan language. inoculation (p. 150)
astronomy (p. 151)
2. What have you just learned about Harappan achievements? Think
back to other civilizations you have studied that made similar Academic Vocabulary
achievements. What allowed those civilizations to make their Success in school is related to
achievements? From this, knowing academic vocabulary—
As you read Chapter 5, use the the words that are frequently used
what can you infer about
information you find in the text to in school assignments and discus-
earlier Harappan society? make inferences about Indian society. sions. In this chapter, you will learn
the following academic words:
establish (p. 144)
process (p.150)
ANCIENT INDIA 123
6-8_SFLESE607337_C05RS.indd 123 10/6/11 12:51:33 PM
1
Geography and
SECTION
Early India
SS.6.G.1.3, SS.6.G.1.4, SS.6.G.1.5,
SS.6.G.2.SS6,SS S..66S..GG.6...12G..63.3,, .SS1,SS S..66S..GG.6...12G..74.4,, .SS2,SS S..66S..GG.6...22W..15.,,2 .4, u K u s h Indus River
SS.6.W.4.1, SS.6.W.4.5 n d
Hi
What You Will Learn… If YOU were there... H
I
1. Tigsnherceeala usgtod erneoivasMge lh rrraaisagip,in hnha .yInmd dooe fhua Iensnatdaviiayn s, YBcaaonCtdut. lr Yem po. yeButo ehlpissvil edef re ioansmr ealo tnrohiovkeemin rvg aivl dlaaailfcglte eehyr ee wcrldaditetehtrrl essp., l ieTynnoh stueoy y su opstfhae wyen radtnht e teAirms seaiean w dlaeo bagrodrranussi tnhs 1g o2f ols0dro 0 yyn ooguusr r In d us River (GrTehata Ir nDdieasen rtDesert) mauYna RiveGarnges River GMhagharaA RiverKLanch(28e8,n5,29jAu08n8 m gfta). Y A BSrahmaputra River
2. Harappan civilization devel- people’s history. One day, it will be your duty to teach them to your Ganges R. unma
oped along the Indus River. Tropic of Cancer aJ.R
3. The Aryan migration to India own children.
changed the region’s Vindhya Range
civilization. Why is it important to pass on these words?
Ganges Delta
2200(cid:31)(cid:31) NN
The Big Idea
Indian civilization first devel- W Godavari River A T S
DECCAN H
oped on the Indus River. BUILDING BACKGROUND Like Mesopotamia and Egypt, India Arabian ESK PLATEAU N G
was home to one of the world’s first civilizations. Like other early Sea TERrishna R. A S T E R
Key Terms civilizations, the one in India grew up in a river valley. But the society 7700(cid:31)(cid:31) EE N E Bay of

smuobncsoonotninse, npt. ,1 p2.5 124 that eventually developed in India was very different from the ones tsa Bengal
that developed elsewhere. G o
C
Sanskrit, p. 129 LaIsclcaanddisve MalaHATS ndel N AnIdsalamnadns AndSaemaan
Use the graphic organizer GLoeoko agt raa mpahp yof oAfsi aIn ind tihae atlas of this book. Do you see the 1100(cid:31)(cid:31) NN bar Coas Coroma W S E IONCDEIAANN 1100(cid:31)(cid:31) NN
t
online to take notes on India’s large, roughly triangular landmass that juts out from the center
geography and its two earliest of the southern part of the continent? That is India. It was the
civilizations, the Harappan and
location of one of the world’s earliest civilizations.
Aryan civilizations.
8800(cid:31)(cid:31) EE 9900(cid:31)(cid:31) EE
Landforms and Rivers
India is huge. In fact, it is so big that many geographers call it a
subcontinent. A subcontinent is a large landmass that is smaller
than a continent. Subcontinents are usually separated from the
rest of their continents by physical features. If you look at the
map on the next page, for example, you can see that mountains HRW World History
wh06as_c06map003aa
largely separate India from the rest of Asia.
India: Physical
Among the mountains of northern India are the Himalayas,
APPROVED 11/15/04
the highest mountains in the world. To the west are the Hindu
Kush. Though these mountains made it hard to enter India,
invaders have historically found a few paths through them.
124
6-8_SFLAESE607337_C05S1.indd 124 1/25/11 8:54:55 AM
India: Physical
u K u s h Indus River Tthhee Hhiimghaelasty ams,o aurnet aoinnes ionf tthhee wnoartuldr,a l
d
n
Hi wonders of the ancient world. They
H separate India from the rest of Asia.
HRW World History
I
IInn dwduAs hi Pa 0 :P R6ivPerRahOs(y_GVrscTeEi0hactaD 6Ira nl lDdo1i eLas1cen ort0/D1ec0s5ear3t)/tb0o4ar mauYna RiveGarnges River GMMhagharaAA RiverKKKLaaannnccchhh(228eee88,nnn5,229jjjAuuu008nnn88 m gggffffttttaa). Y A BSrahmaputra River
Ganges R. una
m
Troppicc ooff CCaanncceerr aJ.R
India is a huge Vindhya Range
plaergnein situ’sl ac, aslole d Ganges Delta
2200(cid:31)(cid:31) NN
a subcontinent.
W Godavari River A T S
DECCAN H
E G
Arabian SK PLATEAU N
Sea TERrishna R. A S T E R
N E
7700(cid:31)(cid:31) EE Bay of

FeEeLtEVATIOMNeters G tsao Bengal
C
1613,,,561642000 425,,00000000 LaIsclcaanddisve MalaHATS ndel N AnIdsalamnadns AndSaemaan
(Seas eleaBv eleel6lov)5 ew60l 20Bse0 e(a0Slo elweav leelvel) 1100(cid:31)(cid:31) NN bar Co Coroma W S E IONCDEIAANN 1100(cid:31)(cid:31) NN
a
s
Dry monsoon air flow t GEOGRAPHY
(Winter) SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS
Wet monsoon air flow
(Summer) 1. Place When do the wet monsoons come to India?
0 150 300 Miles 2. Location What large plateau occupies the heart
of India?
0 150 300 Kilometers
8800(cid:31)(cid:31) EE 9900(cid:31)(cid:31) EE
To the west of the Himalayas is a vast As in Mesopotamia and Egypt, the fl ooding
SS.6.G.1.3 Identify
desert. Much of the rest of India is covered left behind a layer of fertile silt. The silt cre- natural wonders of
the ancient world.
by fertile plains and rugged plateaus. ated ideal farmland for early settlers.
Several major rivers fl ow out of the HHRRWW W Woorrldld H Hisistotorryy
Himalayas. The valleys of two of these riv- Climate wwhh0066aass__cc0066mmaapp000033aaaa
InInddiaia: :P Phhyyssicicaall
ers, the Indus and the Ganges, provided Most of India has a hot and humid climate.
LAePgPenRdOVED 11/15/04
fertile farmland that allowed early civili- This climate is heavily infl uenced by
APPROVED 11/15/04
zations to develop. When heavy snows in India’s monsoons , seasonal wind patterns
the Himalayas melted, the rivers fl ooded. that cause wet and dry seasons.
ANCIENT INDIA 125
125_6-8_SFLAESE607337_C05S1 125 2/28/11 3:21:18 PM