Table Of ContentSpringer Oceanography
Chongwei Zheng
Chongyin Li
Hailang Wu
Min Wang
21st Century Maritime
Silk Road: Construction
of Remote Islands and
Reefs
Springer Oceanography
The Springer Oceanography series seeks to publish a broad portfolio of scientific
books, aiming atresearchers, students, andeveryone interested inmarinesciences.
The series includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and
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(cid:129) (cid:129) (cid:129)
Chongwei Zheng Chongyin Li Hailang Wu
Min Wang
21st Century Maritime Silk
Road: Construction of
Remote Islands and Reefs
ChongweiZheng ChongyinLi
CollegeofMeteorologyand StateKeyLaboratoryofNumericalModeling
Oceanography forAtmosphericSciencesandGeophysical
NationalUniversityofDefense FluidDynamics(LASG),Instituteof
Technology AtmosphericPhysics,Chinese
Nanjing,China AcademyofSciences
Beijing,China
HailangWu
No.91937ofPLA MinWang
Zhoushan,China CollegeofMeteorologyandOceanography
NationalUniversityofDefenseTechnolog
Nanjing,China
ISSN2365-7677 ISSN2365-7685 (electronic)
SpringerOceanography
ISBN978-981-10-8113-2 ISBN978-981-10-8114-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8114-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018948211
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Series Publications on the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road
(I) 21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad:APeacefulWayForward
(II) 21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad:ConstructionofRemoteIslandsandReefs
(III) 21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad:WaveEnergyResourceEvaluation
(IV) 21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad:WindEnergyResourceEvaluation
(V) 21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad:LocationChoiceofMarineNewEnergy
(VI) 21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad:Long-TermTrendsofOceanicParameters
(VII) 21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad:ThreatandCharacteristicsofSwell
(VIII) 21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad:EarlyWarningofWaveDisasters
v
Preface
TheBeltandRoadInitiative(SilkRoadEconomicBeltand21stCenturyMaritime
Silk Road) highlights the continuationtheme, peace, and development ofChina.It
brings an important opportunity to both the revival of the Chinese nation and the
commonprosperityofthehumanbeing.Atpresent,comparingwiththesignificant
progressthathasbeenmadeintheSilkRoadEconomicBelt,theconstructionofthe
21st Century Maritime Silk Road (shorten as “Maritime Silk Road” here after) is
relativelylaggedbehind.TheMaritimeSilkRoadmainlyinvolvestheSouthChina
Sea and the northern Indian Ocean. The South China Sea is well known as the
secondPersianGulf.Meanwhile,theIndianOceanhasalwaysbeenregardedasthe
worldseapowercenterandmarinelifeline.Itisnothardtofindtheimportanceofthe
Maritime Silk Road. However, challenges and opportunities often coexist. The
MaritimeSilkRoadhasalongroute,coversawidescopearea,andinvolvesmultiple
nations. It confronted with lots of difficulties such as the complicated marine
environment characteristics, weaknesses in infrastructures, difficulty in ocean
replenishment, frequent trade friction, differences in the culture, instability of the
politicalsituation,continuoussecurityconflicts,andsoon.Inaddition,thescarcity
oftheoceandata,weakfundamentalresearch,andlackofsupportofthesystematic
theorygreatlyincreasethedifficultyoftheconstructionoftheMaritimeSilkRoad.
The marine key points that usually based on the important remote islands and
reefs are the pivotal support for human society to step into the deep sea. Rational
constructionofimportantremoteislandsandreefswillmakepositivecontributionto
copewiththeabovedifficultiesthatconfrontedtheMaritimeSilkRoad.Aseriesof
remote islands and reefs with stable and efficient function on the South China Sea
andthenorthernIndianOceanwillcontributetoenhancethecapabilities ofocean-
goingvoyage,integratedsupply,shipmaintenance,marineobservation,humanitar-
ianassistance,medicalaid,etc.,thustomaketheMaritimeSilkRoadtobethemain
artery of the international economy and energy. In this book, the necessity and
difficultiesoftheconstructionofmarinekeypointsarefirstlypresented,suchasthe
rationalselectionandriskevaluationofthekeypoint,urgentdemandofelectricity
vii
viii Preface
andfreshwater,fragilityoftheecologicalenvironment,terriblesurvivalandmedical
condition,complicacydisputeonmarinerightsandinterests,andthencorresponding
countermeasuresareprovided.
The remote islands and reefs are usually far from the mainland, which have a
particularly urgent demand for electricity and freshwater resources. And this has
seriouslyrestrictedmarinedevelopmentandutilizationactivitiesinthedeepseafora
longtime.Intheeraofhighelectrification,mostequipmentscannotfunctionoreven
beparalyzedwithoutelectricity.Humanbeingscannotsurvivewithoutfreshwater.
The electricity on the remote islands and reefs usually relies on a diesel that is
primarilyonshippingsupplies,andfreshwateralsodependsprimarilyonshipping
supplies. Obtaining these supplies is especially challenging under bad sea condi-
tions.Inaddition,theecosystemoftheremoteislandsandreefsisfragile.Thediesel
powergenerationusuallyresultsinsignificantpollution.Oncetheecosystemofthe
remoteislandsandreefsisdamaged,itisdifficulttorepair.Allthesedifficultieshave
seriouslyrestrictedtheeconomicdevelopmentinthedeepsea.Rationalutilizingthe
clean, renewable, nonpolluting marine new energy (wave energy, offshore wind
energy, etc.) to develop wave power generation, offshore wind power generation,
and seawater desalination according to local conditions will satisfy the electric
energyrequirements,toprominentlyenhancethesurvivalandsustainablecapacities
of the remote islands and reefs, thus to ensure the healthy development of the
MaritimeSilkRoad.Thereisanobviousneedfor“resourceevaluationandplanning
inadvance”inenergydevelopment.Duetothedatascarcityandtechnicaldifficul-
ties,theresearchonthewaveenergyandoffshorewindenergyoftheSouthChina
SeaandthenorthernIndianOceanisstillscarceuntilnow,especiallyonthemarine
keypoints,whichisurgentlyneeded.
The book focuses on coping with the electricity and freshwater shortage of the
importantremoteislandsandreefs,thustoprovidetechnicalsupportforthemarine
keypointsontheMaritimeSilkRoadtoovercometheenergydilemmas.According
to the urgent demand of electricity and fresh water, a systematic evaluation on the
windenergyandwaveenergyofaseriesofmarinekeypointsontheMaritimeSilk
Road is carried out for the first time at home and abroad. And the Gwadar Port,
remoteislandsandreefsoftheSouthChinaSea,etc.areselectedascasestudies.The
wind and wave energy analysis systematically includes the value size of the wind/
wavepowerdensity,availablerateofenergy(effectivewindspeed occurrenceand
effective wave height occurrence), richness of energy (energy level occurrence),
coming direction of energy (co-occurrence of energy direction and power density,
shorten as “wind/wave energy rose”), long-term trends of wind/wave energy
resources, long-term prediction of energy, etc., thus to provide reference for the
choice of power plants location, feasibility verification of wave power generation
andwindpowergeneration,dailyoperation,andlong-termplanofwave/windpower
generation. Several important marine key points of the Maritime Silk Road are
selected as the case study (such as the Gwadar port, a remote island in the South
ChinaSea),torealizetheelectricityandfreshwaterself-sufficiencyofthesemarine
keypointsandthustoimprovetheirviability.
Preface ix
Understanding the marine environment characteristics is a prerequisite for the
safe and efficient marine construction. For example, a storm surge in the Bay of
Bengal in 1970 caused more than 300,000 deaths. A strong wave of about 6 m
causedbythestormsurgein1991intheChittagongcausedabout140,000deaths.
However,relativelyweakbasicresearchandscarcemarinedataseriouslyrestrictthe
analysisofmarinecharacteristicoftheremoteislandsandreefsoftheMaritimeSilk
Road and urgently need to be addressed. To promote the safe and efficient imple-
mentation of the remote islands and reefs construction, disaster prevention and
reduction, prolong the life of the electric generator, and so on, we also analyzed
the marine environment of the marine key points on the Maritime Silk Road,
systematically including the monthly variation of wind speed and significant wave
height,windclassoccurrence,waveclassoccurrence,characteristicsofstrongwind
(co-occurrence of wind speed and wind direction), characteristics of strong wave
(co-occurrenceofsignificantwaveheightandwavedirection),extremewindspeed
andextremewaveheightwithdifferentreturnperiods,andlong-termtrendofwind
speedandwaveheight.Inaddition,therunwayisoneofthemostimportantpartsof
theremoteislandsandreefsconstruction.Weselectaremoteislandastheassumed
object of study to statistically analyze the wind climate characteristics under the
demand of runway design, mainly including the wind rose (co-occurrence of wind
direction and wind speed), gale occurrence, occurrence of gust wind speed above
10.8 m/s, gust index, and so on, to provide scientific reference for the decision-
makingofrunwaydesignofremoteislandsandreefs.
The evaluation and utilizationofwind/wave energy resources will make contri-
bution to realize the electricity and freshwater self-sufficiency of the important
remoteislands and reefs; theanalysisofmarine environment isbenefitfor thesafe
and efficient construction of the important remote islands and reefs. We hope the
method and scheme formed in this book can be popularized in the construction of
remote islands and reefs in global oceans, especially the Maritime Silk Road, to
enhancethecapabilityofmarinedevelopmentandutilization.
Nanjing,China ChongweiZheng
Beijing,China ChongyinLi
Zhoushan,China HailangWu
Nanjing,China MinWang
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of
Estuarine and Coastal Research (Grant No. SKLEC-KF201707), the National Nat-
uralScienceFoundationofChina(No.41490642,No.41775165),theKeyLabora-
tory of RenewableEnergy, and Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.Y707k31001).
All the authors would like to thank ECMWF for providing the ERA-Interim wind
andwavedataandERA-40wavereanalysisandthankthePO.DAACforproviding
thecross-calibrated,multi-platform(CCMP)winddata.
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