Table Of Content21st Century Democracy Promotion in
the Americas
This volume examines the promotion and defense of democracy in the
Americas.TakingtheInter-AmericanDemocraticCharter(IADC)of2001
as abaseline, it charts the evolution of the issue over the past decade.
Althoughitconsidershistoricalantecedents,themainfocusofthebookis
on key instances of promotion and defense of democracy in the Western
hemispheresincetheadoptionoftheIADC.Itanalyzesdemocraticnorms,
norm enforcement mechanisms and how they work in practice. Special
attentionispaidtothe2009Hondurascoup,theissuesraisedbyitandthe
debatesthatsurroundedit,asthiswasthefirstinstanceinwhichamember
state was suspended in accordance with the IADC. Three central themes
guidetheanalysis:thenatureofchallengestodemocracyinLatinAmerica;
the role of regional organizations as democracy promoters; and the
transformationofinter-Americanrelations.
The book unveils the key achievements and limitations of the Orga-
nization of American States (OAS) in the field and will be of great
interest to studentsandscholarsofdemocratization,US–LatinAmerican
relations, international relations of Latin America and international
organizations.
Jorge Heine is CIGI Professor of Global Governance at the Balsillie
School of International Affairs, Wilfrid Laurier University, and a
Wilson Center Global Fellow.
Brigitte Weiffen is a Lecturer in the Department of Politics and Public
Administration at the University of Konstanz and a Visiting Professor
at the Institute of International Relations, University of São Paulo.
Routledge Global Institutions Series
Edited by Thomas G. Weiss
The CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA
and Rorden Wilkinson
University of Sussex, UK
About the series
The “Global Institutions Series” provides cutting-edge books about
many aspects of what we know as “global governance.” It emerges
from our shared frustrations with the state of available knowledge—
electronic and print-wise, for research and teaching—in the area. The
series is designed as a resource for those interested in exploring issues
of international organization and global governance. Since the first
volumes appeared in 2005, we have taken significant strides toward
filling conceptual gaps.
The series consists of three related “streams” distinguished by their
blue, red, and green covers. The bluevolumes, comprising the majority
of the books in the series, provide user-friendly and short (usually no
more than 50,000 words) but authoritative guides to major global and
regionalorganizations,aswellaskeyissuesintheglobalgovernanceof
security, the environment, human rights, poverty, and humanitarian
action among others. The books with red covers are designed to pre-
sent original research and serve as extended and more specialized
treatments of issues pertinent for advancing understanding about
global governance. The volumes with green covers—the most recent
departureintheseries—arecomprehensiveandaccessibleaccountsofthe
major theoretical approaches to global governance and international
organization.
The books in each of the streams are written by experts in the field,
ranging from the most senior and respected authors to first-rate scho-
lars at the beginning of their careers. In combination, the three com-
ponents of the series—blue, red, and green—serve as key resources for
faculty, students, and practitioners alike. The works in the blue and
green streams have value as core and complementary readings in
courses on, among other things, international organization, global
governance,international law, internationalrelations,and international
politicaleconomy;theredvolumesallowfurtherreflectionandinvestigation
in these and related areas.
The books in the series also provide a segue to the foundation
volume that offers the most comprehensive textbook treatment avail-
able dealing with all the major issues, approaches, institutions, and
actors in contemporary global governance—our edited work Interna-
tional Organization and Global Governance (2014)—avolume to which
manyof the authors in the series have contributed essays.
Understanding global governance—past, present, and future—is far
from a finished journey. The books in this series nonetheless represent
significant steps toward a better way of conceiving contemporary pro-
blems and issues as well as, hopefully, doing something to improve
world order. We value the feedback from our readers and their role in
helping shape the ongoing development of the series.
A complete list of titles appears at the end of this book. The most
recent titles in the series are:
The BRICS and Coexistence (2014)
Edited by Cedric de Coning, Thomas Mandrup, and Liselotte Odgaard
India-Brazil-South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) (2014)
Oliver Stuenkel
Making Global Institutions Work (2014)
Edited by Kate Brennan
Post-2015 UN Development (2014)
edited by Stephen Browne and Thomas G. Weiss
Who Participates in Global Governance? (2014)
Molly A. Ruhlman
The Security Council as Global Legislator (2014)
Edited by Vesselin Popovski and Trudy Fraser
UNICEF (2014)
Richard Jolly
This page intentionally left blank
21st Century Democracy
Promotion in the Americas
Standing up for the polity
ff
Jorge Heine and Brigitte Wei en
Firstpublished2015
Routledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
andbyRoutledge
711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninforma
business
©2015JorgeHeineandBrigitteWeiffen
TherightofJorgeHeineandBrigitteWeiffentobeidentifiedasthe
authorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedbytheminaccordancewith
theCopyright,DesignsandPatentAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor
reproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,
orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including
photocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.
Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarks
orregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationand
explanationwithoutintenttoinfringe.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritish
Library
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Heine,Jorge.
21stcenturydemocracypromotionintheAmericas:standingup
forthepolity/JorgeHeineandBrigitteWeiffen.
pagescm.–(Routledgeglobalinstitutionsseries;91)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Democratization–LatinAmerica.2.Democracy–Latin
America.3.Inter-AmericanDemocraticCharter(2001)4.
OrganizationofAmericanStates.I.Weiffen,Brigitte.II.Title.III.
Title:Twenty-firstcenturydemocracypromotionintheAmericas.
JL966.H4552014
341.24'5–dc23
2014010133
ISBN:978-0-415-62636-1(hbk)
ISBN:978-0-415-62637-8(pbk)
ISBN:978-1-315-75513-7(ebk)
TypesetinTimesNewRoman
byTaylor&FrancisBooks
Contents
List of illustrations viii
Acknowledgments ix
List of abbreviations xi
Introduction 1
1 The challenges of regional democracy promotion 10
2 The emergence of the OAS democratic paradigm 30
3 The Inter-American Democratic Charter 50
4 The OAS democratic paradigm in action: democratic crises
of the twenty-first century 74
5 The OAS democratic paradigm in action: the case of
Honduras 105
6 The future of the OAS democratic paradigm 132
7 Conclusion 161
Select bibliography 170
Index 174
Routledge Global Institutions Series 185
Illustrations
Tables
I.1 Status of democracy in Latin America 2
1.1 Comparing regional democracy promotion 20
2.1 Key OAS documents on democracy 41
3.1 Key principles of democracy promotion in the IADC 56
3.2 Collective mechanisms for the defense of democracy in
Chapter IV, IADC 59
3.3 Main threats to democracy in Latin America
and OAS responses 67
4.1 Taxonomy of democratic crises 78
4.2 Democratic crises in Latin America, 1990–2012 79
4.3 Democratic decline in Latin America, 1990–2012 81
4.4 OAS responses to democratic crises, 2001–12 83
6.1 Documents on democracy by Latin American
regional organizations 141
Acknowledgments
This book is the result of the longstanding interest of the authors in
democracy in the Americas. It is also the product of their dual com-
mitments to the study of both international relations and comparative
politics within political science. As in few other issue areas in the dis-
cipline, it is in the international promotion and defense of democracy
that these two subfields merge and interact in challenging and unex-
pected ways, which we have found especially illuminating to under-
stand the changing nature of politics in the new century. Over the past
five years we have collaborated across the Atlantic on a variety of
projects. In the summer of 2012 avisiting professorship in the Depart-
ment of Politics and Public Administration at the University of Kon-
stanz allowed Jorge Heine to spend three months in that beautiful city
on the Rhine (where Britta Weiffen has been based since 2008) and
made it possible for us to lay the foundations for the book. Anotherof
Jorge’s visiting appointments, this time at the Institut des Hautes
Etudes del’AmériqueLatine (IHEAL) atthe UniversityofParisin the
fall of 2012–13, allowed us additional time in Europe towork together
and further develop our ideas on the subject.
ExtendedinterviewswithKevinCasas-Zamora,LuigiEinaudi,Peter
Hakim, José Miguel Insulza, Rubén Perina, Ted Piccone, Carlos Por-
tales and María Fernanda Trigo in Washington, DC, provided us with
valuable insights into the many challenges posited by the protection of
democracy in the Western hemisphere. Karen Bozicovic facilitated
additional material. We are also indebted to Dirk Leuffen, Wolfgang
Merkel, MichaelShifter and LaurenceWhitehead, who commented on
individual chapters, as well as to participants at several conferences
where parts of the project were presented throughout 2013. Kevin
Heyer, Nadine Petermann, Nora Schütze and Joseph Turcotte pro-
vided invaluable research assistance. Chilean artist Ximena Mandiola
has kindly allowed us to use her painting ‘Estudio de campo I’ (2011)
