Table Of Contentµ vk3s e ~ µ
;Kfofèk
¼egf"k Z n;kuUn }kjk i.z khr lLa dkjfof/k dŠ
vk/kkj ij lEikfnr½
lEiknu
lrh'k vk;Z
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2
fuons u
egf"k Z n;kuUn }kjk ifz rikfnr ipa egk;Kk as dh fof/k;k as eas
vkt gj fo}ku ~ ,o a idz k'kd viuh eueth Z l s ifjoruZ djr s g,q
idz kf'kr dj jgk g S bll s fofHkék vk; Z lektk as e as gkus s oky s ;K eas
,d :irk ugh a jg xb Z gAS blh idz kj fofHkék fo}ku ~ Hkh viuh
lfq o/kkudq yß fof/k;k as d Š vulq kj ;Kk as dk s dj vkjS djok jg s g]®
ftll s tu lkekU; e asHkkzÉUr;k ¡ QyŒ jgh gA® tu lkekU; bl idz kj
l s fof/k ghu ;Kk as dk s djrk gvq k viu s dÙkOZ ;k as dh bfrJh eku
jgk g]S rFkk viu s vki dk s /kkfedZ vu"q Bkuk asdk ikyd ekurk gAS
;Kk as e as ,d :irk yku s dk doŠ y vkjS doŠ y ek= ,d gh mik;
g S fd ftu fof/k;k as e as egf"k Z n;kuUn u s viu s vÉUre dedZ k.M
fo"k;d xUz Fk “lLa dkjfof/k” e asifzrikfnr fd;k g]S mu fof/k;k asdks
mlh :i e as Lohdkj dj fy;k tk;As
vr% ;Kk as e as ,d:irk yku s d Š og` n ~ mí's ; l s lLa dkj
fof/k d Š vk/kkj ij ipa egk;Kk as dk s bl y?k q ifq Lrdk e as fn;k tk
jgk gAS ijekRek ge lHkh dk s lnc~ fq ) inz ku dj s ftll s ekuoek=
jkx&}"s k ,o a i{kikr dh Hkkouk l s jfgr gkds j lR; dk s viukrk
gvq k] viu s dek ±sdk s /kekuZ dq yß djrk gvq k] 'kkL=kudq yß dedZ k.M
dk s viuk dj thou dh lQyrk dk s ikz Ir dj s rFkk lR; dk s gh
ipz kfjr vkjS ilz kfjr djAs vkes ~ 'keA~
lrh'k vk;Z
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;Kfof/k 3
µ vk3s e ~ µ
;Kfofèk
lnk L=h iqq#"k 10 n'k cts 'k;u vkSj jkf= ds fiNys çgj ok 4 pkj
cts mB ds çFke ân; eü ijes'oj dk fpUru djds èkeZ vkSj vFkZ dk fopkj
fd;k djü vkSj èkeZ vkSj vFkZ ds vuq"Bku ok m|ksx djus eü ;fn dHkh ihMk Hkh gks
rFkkfi èkeZ;qä iq#"kkFkZ dks dHkh u NksMsü fdUrq lnk 'kjhj vkSj vkRek dh j{kk ds
fy; s;äq vkgkj fogkj] vk"Skèklos u] liq F; vkfn l sfujUrj m|kxs djd sO;kogkfjd
vkjS ikjek£Fkd dÙkOZ ; de Zdh flf) Ïikfy; sb'Z oj dh Lrfqr çkFkuZ k mikluk Hkh
fd;k djü fd ftl ijes'oj dh n`f"V vkSj lgk; ls egkdfBu dk;Z Hkh lqxerk ls
fl) gks ldü bl ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr eU= g®&
çkr„ jfXƒ u a çkr„ fjUæ‰a – gokeg s ikz r„ fe=ƒZ ko#.ú kk çkr„ jf܃ oukAú
çkr„ HkxZ ‰a – i"ƒw k.k ƒa cãzz .ú kLƒ i¥r – çkr„ Llkes eú rqƒ #æƒ a goqú es µ 1µ
çk„rƒ£trƒa Hkxúeƒqxza gúqose oƒ;a iƒq=efn–rƒs;ksZ fo–èkƒÙkkZA
vkè„ kfz 'p|„ a eU;eú kuLrjq f'pæ„ ktk ú fp|ƒ a Hkx‰a – Hk{ƒ khR;kgµú 2µ
Hkx ƒ ç.krs– Hƒ kxZ ƒ lR;jú kèkk s„ Hkx sƒ ek a fèk;eƒ nq oú k „ nnéú k%A
Hkx ƒ ç .kk s– tu; ƒ xkfs Hkj„ ÜoH„S kxZ ƒ ç uf` Hku– oZ`ƒ Ur%ú L;keµ3µ
mrƒ ns kuh a„ Hkxoú Ur% L;kekrs„ çfú iRƒ o mrƒ eè; ƒs vÊkeú A~
mrƒ kfs nr– k e?koUƒ Rl;w ‰ZL– ; o;ƒ a nosƒ kuk‰a a– leq rƒ k S L;keú µ 4 µ
Hkx ú ,oƒ Hkxoú k ¡ vLr q nos kL„ rus ú o;ƒ a Hkxoú Ur% L;keA
r a Rok ú Hkx ƒ lo Zƒ bÕkkgs– ohfr ƒ l uk s– Hkx ijq ,rƒ k Hkoú gsƒ µ 5µ
µ _0 ea0 7A lw0 41 A ea0 1&5µ
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4
bl idz kj ije's oj dh ikzFkuZ k mikluk djuh rRi'pkr ~'kkpS ] nUrèkkou]
eq[kç{kkyu djds Luku djü i'pkr~ ,d dks'k ok Ms< dks'k ,dkUr taxy eü tk ds
;ksxkH;kl dh jhfr ls ijes'oj dh mikluk dj lw;ksZn; i;ZUr vFkok ?kMh vkèk
?kMh fnu p< srd ?kj e üvkd slUè;kis klukfn fuR; de Zuhp sfy[k sçek.k s;Fkkfofèk
mfpr le; eü fd;k djü bu fuR; djus ds ;ksX; deks± eü fy[ks gq, eU=kü dk vFkZ
vkSj çek.k i´pegk;Kfofèk eü ns[k ysoüA
vFk lUè;ksiklu fofèk
çFke 'kjhj'kqf) vFkkZr~ Luku i;ZUr deZ djds lUè;ksiklu dk vkjEHk
djsa vkjEHk eü nf{k.k gLr eü ty ysds —
vkes ~ ver` kis Lrj.kefl Lokgk µ 1 µ
vkes ~ ver` kfi/kkuefl Lokgk µ 2 µ
vk as lR; a ;'k% JhefZ ; Jh% J;rk a Lokgkµ 3µ
bu rhu eU=kü ls ,d&,d ls ,d&,d vkpeu dj nksuksa gkFk èkks] dku
vk¡[k ukfldk vkfn dk 'kq) ty ls Li'kZ djds 'kq) ns'k ifo=klu ij ftèkj dh
vksj dk ok;q gks mèkj dks eq[k djds ukfHk ds uhps ls ewysfUæ; dks Åij l³~dksp
djds ân; ds ok;q dks cy ls ckgj fudky ds ;Fkk'kfä jksds i'pkr~ èkhjs&èkhjs
Hkhrj ysds Hkhrj FkksMk lk jksds ;g ,d çk.kk;ke gqvk blh çdkj de ls de
rhu çk.kk;ke djs ukfldk dks gkFk ls u idMs A bl le; ijes'oj dh Lrqfr
çkFkZuksikluk ân; eü djds &
vk as 'kékk s– noƒs hjfHƒ k"V;ú vkik s– HkoUr q ihr„ ; s– A
'k;a kjs fHƒ k òkoú Ur q u% µ ;tq0 36A 12 µ
bl eU= dks ,d ckj i< ds rhu vkpeu djs i'pkr~ ik= eü ls eè;ek
vukfedk v³x~ fqy;k ül sty Li'k Zdjd sçFke nf{k.k vkjS i'pkr ~oke fuEufyf[kr
eU=kssa ls Li'kZ djs&
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;Kfof/k 5
vk as okd ~ okd ~ µ bl eU= ls eq[k dk nf{k.k vkSj oke ik'oZ
vksa çk.k% çk.k% µ blls nf{k.k vkSj oke ukfldk ds fNæ
vk as p{k'q p{k%q µ blls nf{k.k vkSj oke us=
vk as Jk=s a Jk=s e ~ µ blls nf{k.k vkSj oke Jks=
vk as ukfHk% µ blls ukfHk
vk ass ân;e ~ µ blls ân;
vk as d.B% µ blls d.B
vk as f'kj% µ blls eLrd
vk as ckgHq ;k a ;'kkcs yeµ~ blls nksukü Hkqtkvkü ds ewy LdUèk vkSj
vk as djrydji"` B s µ blls nksukü gkFkkü ds Åij rys Li'kZ
djds ektZu djs µ
vk as Hk%w iuq kr q f'kjfl µ bl eU= ls f'kj ij
vk as Hkoq % iuq kr q u=s ;k%s µ bl eU= ls nksukü us=ksa ij
vk ü Lo% iuq kr q d.B s µ bl eU= ls d.B ij
vk ü eg% iuq kr q ân; s µ bl eU= ls ân; ij
vk as tu% iuq kr q ukH;ke ~ µ blls ukfHk ij
vk as ri% iuq kr q ikn;k%s µ blls nksukü ixksa ij
vk as lR; a iuq kr q iuq % f'kjflµ blls iqu% eLrd ij
vk as [k a cãz iuq kr q lo=Z µ bl eU= ls lc v³Âkü ij NhaVk nsosµ
iuq % iow käZs jhfr l sçk.kk;ke dh fØ;k djrk tkoAs vkjS uhp sfy[k seU=
dk ti Hkh djrk tk; µ
vk as Hk%w ] vk as Hkoq %] vk as Lo%] vk as eg%] vk as tu%] vkas
ri%] vk as lR;e ~ µ
blh jhfr ls de ls de rhu vkSj vfèkd ls vfèkd 21 bôhl çk.kk;ke
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djs rRi'pkr~ l`f"VdÙkkZ ijekRek vkSj l`f"VØe dk fopkj uhps fyf[kr eU=kü ls
djs vkSj txnhÜoj dks loZO;kid U;k;dkjh loZ= loZnk lc thokü ds deks± ds
æ"Vk dks fuf'pr eku ds iki dh vksj vius vkRek vkSj eu dks dHkh u tkus nsos
fdUrq lnk èkeZ;qä deks± eü oÙkZeku jD[ks µ
vkes ~ _r„ ´p ú lRƒ ;´pkH„ kh)– k„ Ùkilƒ k·s è;tú k;r A
rrk „s jk«;tú k;r ƒ rr%ú lenƒq kz s v.ú koZ„ %µ 1µ
leƒ æƒq kn.ú koZ„ knfèk – loa Rljƒ k s vtú k;r A
vgƒ k‰„sjk=„ kf.k ú fonƒ èknƒ ~ fo'oLú ; fe"krk s o'ƒ khµ 2µ
l;wƒ kpZ„ Uƒ æeƒ lk S– èkkr„ k ;Fú kkio„w eZ dú Yi;r ~ A
fno‰a – p if` Fkoƒ h´pkU„ rfj{– keƒ Fkk s„ Lo%– µ 3µ
µ _0 e0 10A lw0 190A e0 1&3 µ
bu eU=kü dks i< ds] iqu%
vk as 'kékk s– noƒs hjfHƒ k"V;ú vkik s– HkoUr q ihr„ ; s– A
'k;a kjs fHƒ k òkoú Ur q u% µ ;tq0 36 A 12 µ
bl eU= ls rhu vkpeu djds fuEufyf[kr eU=kü ls loZO;kid
ijekRek dh Lrqfr çkFkZuk djs µ
vkas çkph„ fnxƒfXujfèk–ifrjflƒrks júf{kƒrkfnƒR;k
b"koú %A rHs ;k s„ uek·s fèki– frH;k s„ uek s– jf{krƒ H` ;k „s ue ƒ b"kHqú ;ks„
ue ú ,H;k s vLr q A ;k3s„ Lƒú ekU}fs "V ƒ ; a o;ƒ a f}"ƒ eLr a oks„
tEHk s– nèe%µ 1µ
nf{k.– kk „ fnfxUæk·s fèki– frfƒ LrjÉú 'pjkth jf{kr„ k firƒ j‰ƒ
b"koú %A rHs ;k s„ uek·s fèki– frH;k s„ uek s– jf{krƒ H` ;k „s ue ƒ b"kHqú ;ks„
ue ú ,H;k s vLr q A ;k3s„ Lƒú ekU}fs "V ƒ ; a o;ƒ a f}"ƒ eLr a oks„
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;Kfof/k 7
tEHk s– nèe%µ 2 µ
izƒrhph „ fnXo#.ƒ kk·s fèkifr%ƒ i`nkúdß jf{krƒ kékƒfe"koú %A
rHs ;k s„ uek·s fèki– frH;k s„ uek s– jf{krƒ H` ;k „s ue ƒ b"kHqú ;k s„ ue ú ,H;ks
vLrAq ;k3s„ Lƒú ekU}fs "V ƒ ; a o;ƒ a f}"ƒ eLr a ok s„ tEHk s– nèe%µ 3µ
mnhp– h „ fnDlkes k·s fèki– fr% Lotƒ k s jfú {krƒ k·'kfufƒ j"koú %A
rHs ;k s„ uek·s fèki– frH;k s„ uek s– jf{krƒ H` ;k „s ue ƒ b"kHqú ;k s„ ue ú ,H;ks
vLrAq ;k3s„ Lƒú ekU}fs "V ƒ ; a o;ƒ a f}"ƒ eLr a ok s„ tEHk s– nèe%µ 4µ
èkoƒqz k fnfXo".kjqƒ fèki– fr% dƒYek"kxú hz ok s jf{kƒrk oh#„ èkƒ
b"koú % A rHs ;k s„ uek·s fèki– frH;k s„ uek s– jf{krƒ H` ;k „s ue ƒ b"kHqú ;ks„
ue ú ,H;k s vLrAq ;k3s„ Lƒú ekU}fs "V ƒ ; a o;ƒ a f}"ƒ eLr a ok s„ tEHks–
nèe%µ 5 µ
Åèƒ ok Z fnXcg` ‰Lƒ ifrjƒ fèki– fr% fÜo=„ k s jfú {krƒ k o"ƒ kfZ e"koú %A
rHs ;k s„ uek·s fèki– frH;k s„ uek s– jf{krƒ H` ;k „s ue ƒ b"kHqú ;k s„ ue ú ,H;ks
vLrAq ;k3s„ Lƒú ekU}fs "V ƒ ; a o;ƒ a f}"ƒ eLr a ok s„ tEHk s– nèe%µ 6µ
vFkoZ0 dka0 3 A lw0 27 A e0 1&6µ
bu eU=kü dks i<+rs tkuk vkSj vius eu ls pkjkü vksj ckgj Hkhrj
ijekRek dk sijw .k tkudj fuHk;Z fu''k³ Á~mRlkgh vkufUnr i#q "kkFkh ZZjguk rRi'pkr~
ijekRek dk miLFkku vFkkZr~ ijesÜoj ds fudV e® vkSj esjs vfrfudV ijekRek
gS ,slh cqf) djds djsµ
tkr„ on–s l s luq okeƒ lkes eú jkrh;ƒrk s fungú kfrƒ osnú%A
l u%ú i"knZƒ fr – nxqƒ kfZ .k „ foÜok ú uko„ os ƒ flUèk– aq nfq j‰rƒ kR;fƒ Xu%µ1µ
_0 ea0 1A lw0 99A ea0 1µ
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fpƒ=a noƒs kuke„ nq xú kn„ uhd– aƒ p{kfqú e=Zƒ L;ƒ o#.ú kL;kX„ u%s A vk çk„
|kokiú f` Fkoƒ h·vƒUrfj–{kƒ¨ lw;Z‰–·vk„Rek txúrLrƒLFkq"kú•µ 1µ
;tq0 v0 13A e0 46µ
mn ƒq R; a tkr„ ons– l a nosƒ a ogú fUr drŠƒ o%ú A
n'`ƒ k s foÜok;ú ƒ l;w ‰Ze– ~ µ 2 µ ;tq0 v0 33A e0 31 µ
m};ƒ a relú Lƒ ifj‰ ƒ Lo%© i';Uú r ƒ mÙkjú e ~ A
nosƒ a nos– =ƒ k l‰w;eZƒ xUú e ƒ T;kfs r#– Ùkeƒ e ~ µ 3 µ
;tq0 v0 35A e0 14µ
rPp{k‰qúnoƒZs fgr– a ijqƒ LrkPú NØqƒ ePq pjú r ~ A i';e–s 'kjƒ n%ú
'krƒ a thoes– 'kjƒ n%ú 'krƒ ¨ Ük.` k;qú ke 'kjƒ n%ú 'krƒ a ç cozú ke 'kjƒ n%ú
'krƒ enhu– k% L;ke 'kjƒ n%ú 'krƒ a Hk;w 'ú p 'kjƒ n%ú 'krƒ kr~ µ 4 µ
;tq0 v0 36A e0 24 µ
bu eU=kü ls ijekRek dk miLFkku djds iqu%
vk as 'kékk s– noƒs hjfHƒ k"V;ú vkik s– HkoUr q ihr„ ; s– A
'k;a kjs fHƒ k òkoú Ur q u% µ ;tq0 36 A 12 µ
blls rhu vkpeu djds ]
vk as HkHw koZq %ƒ Lo%… A rRlfú orƒ oq jZ .s– ; a Hkxk‰Zs – noƒs L; ú èkhefgA
fèk;k „s ;k s u%ú çpkn„s ;krú ~ µ ;tq0 36 A 3µ
vFkZ %& ¼ vks3e~ ½ ;g eq[; ijes'oj dk uke gS ftl uke ds lkFk vU; lc
uke yx tkrs g® ¼ Hkw% ½ tks çk.k dk Hkh çk.k ¼Hkqo%½ lc nq[kkü ls NqMkusgkjk ¼ Lo%½
Lo;a lq[kLo:i vkSj vius mikldkü dks lc lq[k dh çkfIr djkusgkjk gS ml
¼lforq%½ lc txr~ dh mRifr djus okys lw;kZfn çdk'kdkü ds Hkh çdk'kd lexz
,s'o;Z ds nkrk ¼ nsoL; ½ dkeuk djus ;ksX; loZ= fot; djkusgkjs ijekRek dk
tks ¼ ojs.;e~ ½ vfrJs"B xzg.k vkSj è;ku djus ;ksX; ¼ HkxZ% ½ lc Dys'kkü dks HkLe
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;Kfof/k 9
djusgkjk ifo= 'kq)Lo:i gS ¼rr~½ mldks ge yksx ¼ èkhefg½ èkkj.k djü ¼ ;% ½
;g tks ijekRek ¼ u%½ gekjh ¼ fèk;% ½ cqf);kü dks mÙke xq.k deZ LoHkkokü eü
¼çpkns ;kr ~½ ijzs .kk dj sblh ç;kts u d sfy, bl txnh'oj dh Lrfqr çkFkuZ kis kluk
djuh vkSj blls fHkék fdlh dks mikL; b"Vnso mlds rqY; ok mlls vfèkd ugha
ekuuk pkfg;s bl çdkj xk;=h eU= dk vFkZ fopkjiwoZd ijekRek dh Lrqfr
çkFkZuksikluk djs iqu% gs ijes'oj n;kfuèks ! vkidh Ïik ls
tiksiklukfn deks± dks djds ge èkeZ] vFkZ] dke vkjS eks{k dh
flf) dks 'kh?kz çkIr gksoü iqu%
vk as ue%ú 'kEHkoƒ k; ú p e;kHs koƒ k; ú p ƒ ue%ú 'k³jÁƒ k; ú p
e;Ldjƒ k; ú p ƒ ue%ú f'koƒ k; ú p f'koƒ rjú k; pµ 5 µ
;tq0 v0 16A e0 41µ
blls ijekRek dks ueLdkj djds ¼ 'kékks0 ½ bl eU= ls rhu vkpeu
djds vfXugks= dk vkjEHk djüµ
µ bfr l{a kis r% lUè;kis klufofèk% lekIr% µ 1µ
vFk vfXugks=e~
tSls lk;a çkr% nksukü lafèkosykvkü eü lUè;ksiklu djü blh çdkj nksukü ókh
iq#"k fdlh fo'ks"k dkj.k ls ókh ok iq#"k vfXugks= ds le; nksukü lkFk mifLFkr u
gks lds rks ,d gh ókh ok iq#"k nksukü dh vksj dk ÏR; dj ysos vFkkZr~ ,d&,d
eU= dks nks nks ckj i<ds nks nks vkgqfr djsµ vfXugks= Hkh nksukü le; eü fd;k djü
vk as 'kékk s– noƒs hjfHƒ k"V;ú vkik s– HkoUr q ihr„ ; s– A
'k;a kjs fHƒ k òkoú Ur q u% µ ;tq0 36 A 12 µ
bl eU= ls rhu vkpeu djds vfXugks= dk vkjEHk djsa µ
çFke ;KdÞ.M eü 'kq) ns'kksRiék vke] cM] ihiy] xwyj o iyk'k vkfn
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10
dh ?kqu vFkok dhMs jfgr lfeèkkp;u osnh eü djü iqu% µ
vk ü HkHw koZq % Lo% µ
bl eU= dk mPpkj.k djds czkã.k {kf=; ok oS'; ds ?kj ls vfXu yk
vFkok ?k`r dk nhid tyk ml ls diwj eü yxk fdlh ,d ik= eü èkj ml eü
NksVh&NksVh ydMh yxk ds ;teku ok iqjksfgr ml ik= dks nksukü gkFkkü ls mBk ;fn
xeZ gks rks fpeVs ls idM dj vxys eU= ls vXU;kèkku djsa og eU= ;g gS µ
vk ü HkHw koZq %ƒ Lo|© kfS jo– HkEwƒ uk if`ú Fkoƒ ho ú OofjEƒ .kk A
rL;kLú r s ifƒ` Fkfƒ o nos ;tfu i"` B·s© fXueéú kkn„ eéƒ kk|k;„ knèú k s µ1µ
µ;tq0 v0 3A e0 5 µ
bl eU= ls osnh ds chp eü vfXu dks èkj ml ij NksVs&NksVs dk"B vkSj
FkksMk diwj èkj vxyk eU= i< ds O;´tu ls vfXu dks çnhIr djsaµ
vkes ~ mnc~ èqú ;LokXu sƒ çfr – tkxf` g ƒ Rofe"– VkiÙƒw k Zs l¨lt`ú Fs kk&
e;ƒ a pAú vfƒ LeURlèƒ kLFk·sƒ vè;Ùq kjú fLeuƒ ~ foÜo s– nos k „ ;teú ku'p
lhnr µ 2µ ;tq0 v0 15A e0 54 µ
tc vfXu lfeèkkvkü eü çfo"V gksus yxs rc pUnu dh vFkok Åij
fyf[kr iyk'kkfn dh rhu ydMh vkB&vkB vaxqy dh ?k`r eü Mqck mu eü ls
,d&,d fudky uhps fy[ks ,d&,d eU= ls ,d&,d lfeèkk dks vfXu eü p<koü
os eU= ;s g® µ
vkes ~ v; a r bèe·vkRek tkrons Lrus ès ;Lo oèkLZ o p)s
o)Z; pkLeku~ çt;k i'kqfHkczZãopZlsukékk|su lesèk;]
Lokgkµ bneXu; s tkrons l s & bnék eeµ 1µ
bl eU= ls ,d
vk as lfƒ eèkkf„ Xu a noqú L;r ?kr`ƒ cS k‰Zsè– k;rƒ kfrf– FkeA~ vkfLeuú ~ gOƒ ;k
tgúq krs u] Lokgkµú bneXu; s & bnék eeµ 2µ
bl ls vkSj
