2 Teflon®AF: A Family of Amorphous Fluoropolymers with Extraordinary Properties

366 Pages·2008·20.83 MB·English

Fluoropolymers 2
Properties
TOPICS IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY
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Fluoropolymers 2
Properties
Edited by
Gareth Hougham
IBM T. J. Watson Research Center
Yorktown Heights, New York
Patrick E. Cassidy
Southwest Texas State University
San Marcos, Texas
Ken Johns
Chemical and Polymer
Windlesham, Surrey, England
Theodore Davidson
Princeton, New Jersey
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Contributors
Shinji Ando, Science and Core Technology Group, Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone Corp. Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180, Japan. Present address: Department
of Polymer Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152,
Japan
Karol Argasinski, Ausimont USA, Thorofare, New Jersey 08086
S. V. Babu, Department of Chemical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam,
New York 13699
Warren H. Buck, Ausimont USA, Thorofare, New Jersey 08086
Jeffrey D. Carbeck, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139. Present address:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New
Jersey 08544
Stephen Z.D. Cheng, Maurice Morton Institute and Department of Polymer
Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909
Theodore Davidson, 109 Poe Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
C. R. Davis, IBM, Microelectronics Division, Hopewell Junction, New York
12533
Ronald K. Eby, Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325
v
vi Contributors
F. D. Egitto, IBM, Microelectronics Division, Endicott, New York 13760
Barry L. Farmer, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
Vassilios Galiatsatos, Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of
Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909. Present address: Huntsman Polymers Corpora-
tion, Odessa, Texas 79766
Raj N. Gounder, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington 98 124-2499
Mark Grenfell, 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144-1000
Frank. W. Harris, Maurice Morton Institute and Department of Polymer Science,
University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909
David B. Holt, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
Gareth Hougham, IBM, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New
York 10598
Ken Johns, Chemical and Polymer (UK), Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6HR,
United Kingdom
Fuming Li, Maurice Morton Institute and Department of Polymer Science,
University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909
Shiow-Ching Lin, Ausimont USA, Thorofare, New Jersey 08086
Roberta Marchetti, Centro Ricerche & Sviluppo, Ausimont S.p.A., 20021
Bollate, Milan, Italy
Tohru Matsuura, Science and Core Technology Group, Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone Corp., Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180, Japan
Re’gis Mercier, UMR 102, IFP/CNRS, 69390 Vernaison, France
Stefano Radice, Centro Ricerche & Sviluppo Ausimont S.p.A., 20021 Bollate,
Milan, Italy
Paul Resnick, DuPont Fluoroproducts, Fayetteville, North Carolina 28306
Contributors vii
Gregory C. Rutledge, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Aldo Sanguineti, Centro Ricerche & Sviluppo, Ausimont S.p.A., 20021 Bollate
Milan, Italy
Shigekuni Sasaki, Science and Core Technology Group, Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone Corp., Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180, Japan
Massimo Scicchitano, Centro Ricerche & Sviluppo, Ausimont S.p.A., 20021
Bollate, Milan, Italy
B. Jeffrey Sherman, Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of
Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909
Bernard Sillion, UMR 102, IFP/CNRS, 69390 Vernaison, France
Carrington D. Smith, UMR 102 IFP/CNS 69390 Vemaison, France. Present
address: Air Products and Chemicals Inc., Allentown, Pennsylvania 18195-1501
Gordon Stead, Chemical and Polymer (UK), Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6HR,
United Kingdom
William Tuminello, DuPont Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Dela-
ware 19880-0356
Stefano Turri, Centro Ricerche & Sviluppo, Ausimont S.p.A., 20021 Bollate,
Milan, Italy
Richard Thomas, DuPont, Jackson Laboratory, Deepwater, New Jersey 08023
Huges Waton, CNRS Service Central d’Analyses, 69390, Vemaison, France
David K. Weber, 101 County Shire Drive, Rochester, New York 14626
Sheldon M. Wecker, Abbot Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
Preface
The fluorine atom, by virtue of its electronegativity, size, and bond strength with
carbon, can be used to create compounds with remarkable properties. Small
molecules containing fluorine have many positive impacts on everyday life of
which blood substitutes, pharmaceuticals, and surface modifiers are only a few
examples.
Fluoropolymers, too, while traditionally associated with extreme high-
performance applications have found their way into our homes, our clothing,
and even our language. A recent American president was often likened to the
tribology of PTFE.
Since the serendipitous discovery of Teflon at the DuPont Jackson Laboratory
in 1938, fluoropolymers have grown steadily in technological and marketplace
importance. New synthetic fluorine chemistry, new processes, and new apprecia-
tion of the mechanisms by which fluorine imparts exceptional properties all
contribute to accelerating growth in fluoropolymers.
There are many stories of harrowing close calls in the fluorine chemistry lab,
especially from the early years, and synthetic challenges at times remain daunting.
But, fortunately, modem techniques and facilities have enabled significant strides
toward taming both the hazards and synthetic uncertainties,
In contrast to past environmental problems associated with fluorocarbon
refrigerants, the exceptional properties of fluorine in polymers have great
environmental value. Some fluoropolymers are enabling green technologies
such as hydrogen fuel cells for automobiles and oxygen-selective membranes
for cleaner diesel combustion.
Curiously, fluorine incorporation can result in property shifts to opposite ends
of a performance spectrum. Certainly with reactivity, fluorine compounds occupy
two extreme positions, and this is true of some physical properties of fluoro-
polymers as well. One example depends on the combination of the low electronic
polarizability and high dipole moment of the carbon–fluorine bond. At one
extreme, some fluoropolymers have the lowest dielectric constants known. At
the other, closely related materials are highly capacitive and even piezoelectric.
ix
x Preface
Much progress has been made in understanding the sometimes confounding
properties of fluoropolymers. Computer simulation is now contributing to this
with new fluorine force fields and other parameters, bringing realistic prediction
within reach of the practicing physical chemist.
These two volumes attempt to bring together in one place the chemistry,
physics, and engineering properties of fluoropolymers. The collection was
intended to provide balance between breadth and depth, with contributions
ranging from the introduction of fluoropolymer structure-property relationships,
to reviews of subfields, to more focused topical reports.
GGH
Acknowledgments
Gareth Hougham thanks G. Teroso, IBM, K. C. Appleby, D. L. Wade, R. H.
Henry, and IS. Howell.
Patrick Cassidy expresses his appreciation to the Robert A. Welch Foundation, the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation,
and the Institute for Environmental and Industrial Science at Southwest Texas
State University.
Ken Johns thanks Diane Kendall and Catherine Haworth, Senior Librarian, of the
Paint Research Association.
Theodore Davidson wishes to acknowledge his students and collaborators who
have shared in the work on polytetrafluoroethylene. Sincere thanks go to Professor
Bernhard Wunderlich for providing the stimulus for a career in polymer science.