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= Complete Guide to Spanish Grammar
Presented in 26 Units
= More than 3,500 Lively Exercise Questions
and Answers
1 Includes Extensive Glossaries and Verb Tables
Cual? éCual
Suando? pri
egundo terce
hube hub:
PRACTICE
MAKES
PERFECT
Gilda Nissenberg, Ph.D.
www. interesant.net
McGraw-Hill
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Contents
Tntroduction
UNIT 1.
UNIT
UNIT
UNIT
UNIT
UNIT
The Present Tense of Regular Verbs, Irregular
and Verbs with Spelling Changes
Regular Verbs in the Present Tense 2
When Is the Present Tense Used in Spanish? 4
Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense 8
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Present Tense 12
Dar, Haher, Hacer, and Tener in Expressions with a Special
Meaning 14
The Present Tense of Verbs with Stem Changes
Verbs Ending m-arand-er 18
Verbs Endig in-ir 22
Verbs Ending in-uir 24
Ser and Estar
Similarities and Differences Between Ser and Estar 27
When Is Ser Used in Spanish? 28
When Is Estar Used in Spanish? 30
Adjectives That Change Their Meaning When Used with
Either Ser or Estar 32
Expressions with Estar 33
The Preterit Tense
Regular Verbs in the Preterit 35
When Is the Preterit Used m Spanish? 36
Verbs with Spelling Changes im the Preterit 39
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Pretent 12
Tivegular Verbs m the Preterit 44
Verbs with a Special Meaning in the Preterit 17
The Imperfect Tense
Formation of the Imperfect 49
Trvegular Verbs in the Imperfect 51
When Is the Imperfect Used in Spanish? 52
The Imperfect and the Preterit in the Same Sentence 56
More About the Preterit and the Imperfect
Summary and Contrast of the Preterit and the Imperfect 59
Verbs with a Special Meaning: Ponerse, Volverse, and
Hacerse 65
ix
Verbs,
1
18
oe
or
49
ea
©
ili
iv
Contents
UNIT 7.
UNIT 8.
UNIT 9.
UNIT 10.
a
or
The Fuwre and the Conditional
The Future Tense 67
Irregular Verbs in the Future Tense 69
When Is the Future Tense Used in Spanish? 71
Other Ways of Expressing the Future in Spanish 73
The Conditional Mood 74
lrregular Verbs in the Conditional 76
When Is the Conditional Used in Spanish? 77
Other Uses of the Conditional: Conjecture in the Past and
the Conditional im Contrary-to-Fact Clauses 79
Reflexive Verbs and Reflexive Constructions 81
Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns 82
© Verbs 83
Constructions with | Stem-Changing and Irregular
84
2 Use: of Reflexive Verbs in Spanish 85
Phat Change Meaning When Used as Reflexive
Verbs 86
The Commands in Reflexive Constructions 88
The Infinitive and Present. Participle m Reflexive
Constructions 89
Reflexive Constructions in Reciprocal Actions 91
How to Express éa Became in Spanish 92
The Reflexive Construction in Other Tenses 94
The Progressive Tenses 95
The Forms of the Present Participle in Regular, bregular,
and Stem-Changing Verbs 95
Placement of Reflexive Pronouns and Other Object
Pronouns with the Present Participle 98
When Is the Present Progressive Used m Spanish? 90
The Progressive Forms in Other Tenses 100
Verbs of Motion in Progressive Tenses 101
Present Participle: Spanish Compared to English 102
Compound Tenses: The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect 104
The Present Perfect 104
Past Participles Ending im ido and Irregular Past
Participles 106
When Is the Present Perfect Tense Used in Spanish? 109
The Past Perfect or Pluperfect 110
When Is the Past Perfect Used in Spanish? 111
Other Compound Tense Forms: The Preterit Perfect 113
When Is the Preterit Perfect Tense Used in Spanish? 113
Haber + a Participle: The Spanish Equivalent of the Perfect
Infinitive 4
When Is the Infinitive of Haber + a Participle Used in
Spanish? l14
Contents v
UNIT 11. Compound Tenses: The Future Perfect
and the Conditional Perfect 15
The Future Perfect 115
When Is the Future Perfect Used in Spanish? 117
The Conditional Perfect 119
When Is the Conditional Perfect Used in Spanish? 121
UNIT 12. The Passive Voice and Passive Constructions 124
The Passive Voice in Spanish 123
When Is the Passive Voice Used in Spanish? 126
The Passive Construction with the Pronoun Se 127
When Is the Passive Construction with Se Used in
Spanish? 128
Impersonal Constructions Used to Substitute for Passive
Constructions 130
UNIT 13. The Subjunctive Mood: The Present and the Present Perfect
Subjunctive Tenses in Noun Clauses BL
The Subjunctive Mood: The Present Subjunctive 131
Formation of the Present Subjunctive 133
Verbs with Spelling Changes m the Present Subjunctive 134
Verbs with Stem Changes in the Present Subjunctive 135
Invegular Verbs m the Present Indicative and in the Present
Subjunctive 138
Irregular Verbs im the Present Subjunctive 139
When Is the Present Subjunetive Used in Spanish? 140
Other Uses of the Present Subjunclive 143
The Pre: Perfect Subjunctive 145
When Is the Present Perfect Subjunctive Used in Spanish? 146
UNIT 14. More Uses of the Subjunctive: Adverb and Relative Clauses 148
The Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses 148
When Is the Subjunctive Used in Dependent Adyerb Clauses
in Spanish? 149
Expressions That May or May Not Require the Subjunctive 151
When Is the Subjunctive Not Used in Dependent Adverb
Clauses in Spanish? = 153
More Uses of the Subjunctive: The Subjunctive in Adjective
Clauses 155
When Is the Subjunctive Used in Adjective Clauses? 156
Other Uses of the Subjunctive 159
UNII15. The Subjunctive Mood Past Tenses: The Imperfect
and the Pluperfect Subjunctive 162
The Imperfect Subjunctive 163
When Is the Imperfect Subjunctive Used im Spanish? 165
Other Uses of the Imperfect Subjunctive 167
The Pluperfect Subjunctive 168
When Is the Pluperfect Subjunctive Used m Spanish? 169
Other Use:
‘The Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive in Contrary-to-Fact
Conditional Clauses 171
sof the Pluperfect Subjunclive 170
vi
Contents
UNIT 16.
UNIT 17.
UNIT 18.
UNIT 19.
The Commands
Formal or Polite Commands 176
Formal Commands, Irregular Forms 178
When Are Formal Commands Used in Spanish? 179
Informal (TG) Affirmative Command Forms 181
Irregular Forms of the Familiar Ta Command 182
Ta Negative Command Forms 183
Plural Familiar (Vosotros) Affirmative Command Torms 184
Yosotros Negative Command Forms 183
Tivegular Negative Vosotros Forms 185
When Are Informal (Ta) Commands Used in Spanish? 186
Commands and the Position of Reflexive and Object
Pronouns 186
Other Ways of Expressing a Command (Nosotros) 187
The Infinitive Used asa Command 189
Nouns and Articles
Gender of Nouns in Spant
Masculine: Nouns and ‘The!
dings of Nouns — 190
r Endings in Spanish — 190
Feminine Nouns and ‘Their Endings in
Other Endings to Consider for the Gender of Nouns 193.
Other Nouns and ‘Vhew Gender 195
Plural of Nouns 199
Definite Articles 201
When Are Definite Articles Used in Spanish? 202
When Are Definite Articles Omitted in Spanish? 205
Lo, the Neuter Article 206
Indefinite Articles 207
When Are Indefinite Articles Used in Spanish? 208
When Are Indefinite Articles Not Used in Spanish? 209
panish 192
Adjectives
Gender and Number of Adjectives in Spanish 211
Where Are Adjectives Placed in Spanish? 215
Other Adjective Forms Used Before Nouns: The Shortened
Fonns 217
Other Considerations About the Position of Adjectives 218
Words That Function as Adjectives 219
Comparalives and Superlatives 220
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 223
Other Comparisons — 223
Personal Pronouns
Subject Pronouns 225
Uses of the Subject Pronouns 2.26
Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions 229
When Are Prepositional Pronouns Used in Spanish? 229
Direct Object Pronouns 231
When Are Direct Object Pronouns Used in Spanish? 231
Indirect Object Pronouns = 233
Where Are Indirect Object Pronouns Placed? 233
Double Object Pronouns 239
190
2iL
i)
i}
oe
UNIT 20.
UNIT 21
UNIT 22.
UNIT 23.
Contents
How Are Double Object Pronouns Used in Spanish? 239
The Indirect Object Pronoun with Gustar and Other
Verbs 241
Relative Pronouns
Que: When Is the Relative Pronoun Que Used in
Spanish? 245
Quien: When Is the Relative Pronoun Quien Used in
Spanish? 217
El que and El cual: When Are the Relative Pronouns El que
and El cual and Their Forms Used in Spanish? 248
Lo que and Lo cual: When Are the Relative Pronouns Lo que
and Lo cual Used in Spanish? 2419
Relative Pronouns After Prepositions 251
Cuyo, Cuya: When Are the Relative Adjectives Cuyo, Cuya
Used in Spanish? 252
Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns 253
Possessive Adjective Forms: The Short Forms and the Long
Forms 253
When Are the Short and Long Forms of the Possessive
Adjectives Used in Spanish? 257
Possessive Pronouns 258
Demonstrative Adjectives 260
When Are the Different Forms of the Demonstative
Adjectives Used in Spanish? 261
Demonstrative Pronouns 263
The Neuter Forms of the Demonstrative Pronouns 264
Adverbs
Adverb Forms in Spanish — 266
Compound Adyerbs 269
Other Adyerb Forms: Adverbial Expressions 271
Las Adyerbs 273
Comparisons with Adve 274
When Are Adverbs Used in Spanish? 274
and. Nouns U
Prepositions
Trequently Used Prepositions in Spanish 277
Relationships of Commonly Used Prepositions and
Compound Prepositions 280
The Preposition a and the Personala 282
Uses of Prepositions and Their English Equivalents 283
The Uses ofparaand por 284
Por m Common Idiomatic Expressions 287
Verbs That Require the Preposition a or de — an Infinitive
in Spanish 290
Verbs with Other Prepositions 291
Verbs That Require a Preposition in English but Not
in Spanish 202
re}
1
ie}
viii
Contents
UNIT 24.
UNIT 25.
UNIT 26.
Indefinite and Negative Words and Expressions
Indefinite and Negative Words in Spanish 294
When Are Indefinite and Negative Words Used in
Spanish? 295
Other Negative Expressions 208
The Conjunctions pero and = sino and Negative
Expressions 298
When Are pero and sino Used in Spanish? 299
Interrogative and Exclamatory Words
Interrogative Words and Expressions 301
Interrogative Words in Spanish 301
Other Uses of Interrogative Words and Expressions 302
gPara qué? gPor qué? When Are ‘They Used in
Spanish? 304
Intcrrogative Words and Expressions — ims Indirect
Questions 305
Exclamations 306
Numbers
Cardinal Numbers 308
When Do We Use Cardinal Numbers? 310
Ordmal Numbers 313
Other Numbers: Fractions and Multiple Numbers 315
Verb Tables
Glossarics
Spanish-English Glossary
English-Spanish Glossary
Answer Key
301
308
