Table Of ContentThe IUCN Species Survival Commission
1997 IUCN Red List of
Threatened Plants
Edited by Kerry S. Walter and Harriet J. Gillett
Compiled by the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge
http://www.archive.org/details/1997iucnredlisto9/7walt
The IUCN Species Survival Commission
1997 IUCN Red List of
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Edited by
Kerry S. Walter (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) and
Harriet J. Gillett (World Conservation Monitoring Centre)
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The IUCN Species Survival Commission
1997 IUCN Red List of
Threatened
Plants
Edited by
Kerry S. Walter (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) and
Harriet J. Gillett (World Conservation Monitoring Centre)
Compiled by
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre
In association with
Association for Biodiversity Information
National Botanical Institute
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Smithsonian Institution
The Nature Conservancy
The New York Botanical Garden
Wildlife Australia
Foreword by
Brian Huntley
IUCN —- The World Conservation Union
1998
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of [UCN or other participating organizations concerning the
legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers
or boundaries.
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating
organizations.
Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK
The World Conservation Union
Copyright: © 1998 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non-commercial purposes
is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the
source is fully acknowledged.
Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is
prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.
Citation: Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. [eds] (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants.
Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. [UCN — The World
Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Ixiv + 862pp.
ISBN: 2-83 17-0328-X
Cover photo: Elaeocarpus bojeri, a critically endangered tree endemic to the island of
Mauritius: Wendy Strahm.
Produced by: IUCN Publications Services Unit
Camera-ready copy of the List, data sources and index were provided by the World
Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK.
Printed by: Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd
Available from: IUCN Publications Services Unit
219c Huntington Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
Tel: +44 1223 277894, Fax +44 1223 277175
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www. iucn.org
A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available.
The text of this book is printed on 90 gsm Fineblade Cartridge made from low-chlorine pulp.
Contributions to the IUCN Species Survival
Commission and the 1997 IUCN Red List of
Threatened Plants
The Species Survival Commission gratefully law enforcement efforts as well as promotion of
recognizes its extensive network of volunteers and conservation education, research and international
partner organisations who make products like the cooperation.
IUCN Red Lists possible. Those individuals who
have contributed time and expertise are listed in the The World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF)
Acknowledgements. SSC also wishes to acknow- provides significant annual operating support to the
ledge those donors whose major financial SSC. WWF’s contribution supports the SSC’s
contributions support a wide variety of SSC minimal infrastructure and helps ensure that the
activities, as well as development and publication of voluntary network and Publications Programme are
the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. adequately supported. WWF aims to conserve
nature and ecological processes by: (1) preserving
The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity; (2)
IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources
supports Action Plan development and implemen- is sustainable both now and in the longer term; and
tation; to date, more than 80 grants have been made (3) promoting actions to reduce pollution and the
from the Fund to Specialist Groups. As a result, the wasteful exploitation and consumption of resources
Action Plan Programme has progressed at an and energy. WWF is one of the world’s largest
accelerated level and the network has grown and independent conservation organizations with a
matured significantly. The SSC is grateful to the network of National Organizations and Associates
Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and support around the world and over 5.2 million regular
for species conservation worldwide. supporters. WWF continues to be known as World
Wildlife Fund in Canada and in the United States of
The Chicago Zoological Society (CZS) provides America.
significant in-kind and cash support to the SSC,
The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) made
including grants for special projects, editorial and
significant annual contributions to the SSC
design services, staff secondments and related
Conservation Communications Fund and SSC’s
support services. The mission of CZS is to help
southeast Asia programme during the mid-1990s.
people develop a sustainable and harmonious
NWF is the largest non-governmental, non-profit
relationship with nature. The Zoo carries out its
conservation-education and advocacy organization
mission by informing and inspiring 2,000,000
in the United States. It emphasizes assisting
annual visitors, serving as a refuge for species
individuals and organizations of all cultures, in the
threatened with extinction, developing scientific
United States and abroad, to conserve wildlife and
approaches to manage species successfully in zoos
other natural resources and to protect the earth’s
and the wild, and working with other zoos, agencies,
environment to assure a peaceful, equitable, and
and protected areas around the world to conserve
sustainable future.
habitats and wildlife.
IUCN also wishes to thank the Norcross Wildlife
The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan has Foundation for supporting publication of this book.
awarded major grants to the SSC’s Wildlife Trade
Programme and Conservation Communications Contributors to the 1997 IUCN Red List of
Programme. This support has enabled SSC to Threatened Plants
continue its valuable technical advisory service to The 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants
the Parties to CITES as well as to the larger global represents a partnership among several NGO and
conservation community. Among other responsi- government institutions. Contributions of major
bilities, the COA is in charge of matters concerning data sets made this publication possible; these
the designation and management of nature reserves, contributions and the institutions that made them are
conservation of wildlife and their habitats, described below. Of special note is the role played
conservation of natural landscapes, coordination of by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre,
-V-
which undertook the massive and challenging task hemisphere plants have been assessed and
of bringing the widely divergent data sources documented by this miulti-institutional effort,
together. including a comprehensive listing of threatened
plants of the United States and Canada. This western
WCMC — World Conservation Monitoring hemisphere data set forms a major contribution to
Centre the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants.
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre
(WCMC), based in Cambridge, UK, is a joint- ABI (formerly BIN) — associated with TNC
venture between the three partners in the World The Association for Biodiversity Information (ABI)
Conservation Strategy and its successor Caring for was established in 1994 to advance the goals of
the Earth: UCN — The World Conservation Union, Natural Heritage Programs, Conservation Data
UNEP — United Nations Environment Programme Centers and associated organizations whose mission
and WWE — World Wide Fund For Nature. The is to provide information on the distribution,
Centre provides information services on the abundance, and conservation needs of rare species
conservation and sustainable use of species and and natural communities. ABI seeks to assist its
ecosystems and supports others in the development members to operate as a network by sharing
of their own information systems. technologies, facilitating the exchange of
knowledge and experiences, and facilitating the
WCMC has developed global overview databases development of multijurisdictional information
that include threatened plant and animal species, products and services. Most Natural Heritage data
habitats of conservation concern, critical sites, centers that provided state-level U.S. conservation
protected areas of the world, and the utilisation of status assessments as part of The Nature
and trade in wildlife species and products. Drawing Conservancy’s contribution to this volume are
on these databases, WCMC provides an information constituent members of ABI.
service to the conservation and development
communities, governments and the United Nations National Botanical Institute (NBI), South Africa
agencies, scientific institutions, the business and The mission of the NBI is to promote the sustainable
commercial sector, and the media. WCMC produces use, conservation, appreciation and enjoyment of
a wide variety of specialist outputs and reports based the exceptionally rich plant life of South Africa, for
upon analyses of data integrated from many sources. the benefit of all its people. The NBI grows more
It is also actively involved, particularly in than 10,000 indigenous plant species in eight
developing countries, in building the capacities of National Botanical Gardens, located country-wide,
other institutions for promoting and planning the providing an exceptional amenity and educational
conservation and sustainable use of their own focus for local and overseas visitors alike. The
biological resources. research activities of the Institute, which focus on
the systematics, ecology, conservation, ethnobotany
TNC — The Nature Conservancy and horticulture of southern Africa’s plants, are
The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is an international conducted from three research centres. These
non-governmental organization dedicated exclu- centres include three herbaria which together house
sively to biodiversity protection. With more than 1.8 million specimens. The Institute also develops
900,000 members, the Conservancy owns and and maintains databases on plant diversity for use in
manages over 1,600 reserves, the largest private conservation and development activities.
system of nature sanctuaries in the world.
Internationally the Conservancy works to support Smithsonian Institution
in-country organizations and agencies that share its The Smithsonian Institution, founded in 1846 by an
focus on the protection of biological diversity. The Act of Congress, counts among its most important
Conservancy has helped establish a network of missions the discovery, identification and under-
Natural Heritage Programs and Conservation Data standing of the world around us. Personnel and
Centers, based in state and national agencies and research support for the North America, Middle
private organizations throughout the United States, America and South America sections of the 1997
Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean. IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants were provided
Together with this network of data centers, the by the Department of Botany, National Museum of
Conservancy develops and maintains biodiversity Natural History, Smithsonian Institution with
databases for use in informing conservation and support from other sources. Its cadre of research
development activities. The conservation status and scientists, which includes a large number of
geographic distribution of many western biologists specialising in taxonomy, systematics and
-Vi-
evolutionary studies, is contributing to the global archives) underpin the Garden’s research
inventory of species and to the revision of our view programme in taxonomy (both monographic and
of natural systems. The production of the data for floristic), horticulture, molecular systematics,
this volume is but one of the efforts to provide genetic conservation, and both phanerogamic and
accurate information for the use of resource cryptogamic biodiversity studies; these well
managers and planners and as an educational tool documented living and herbarium collections serve
for future generations. as biological standards, and provide the taxonomic
framework to enable publications such as this to be
Wildlife Australia produced.
Wildlife Australia deals with wildlife issues that
RBGE grows 1,386 species (581 genera, 152
were formerly the concern of the Australian
families) of threatened plants listed in this book,
National Parks and Wildlife. It manages or co-
including 13 that are extinct in the wild, and is
manages with the Aboriginal traditional owners
discovering the horticultural and ecological para-
seventeen parks, reserves and other land and marine
meters under which they grow, with the eventual
protected areas. Nature reserves, marine parks and
aim of re-introduction and re-establishment when
botanic gardens, including the Australian National
appropriate.
Botanic Garden, are also managed by Wildlife
Australia. In areas of Australia’s Commonwealth
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
responsibility, Wildlife Australia manages endan-
The mission of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is
gered species and marine wildlife. International
to ensure better management of the Earth’s
agreements to which Australia is a party and which
environment by increasing knowledge and
are administered under the aegis of Wildlife
understanding of the plant kingdom. The Kew
Australia cover the regulation of whaling, trade in
Herbarium is one of the world’s largest and houses
endangered species, protection of migratory and
an encyclopaedic collection of over six million
endangered species, and the conservation of nature
specimens of vascular plants and fungi from every
in the South Pacific. Wildlife Australia is part of
country in the world. The Jodrell Laboratory carries
Environment Australia which incorporates the
out fundamental research in plant biochemistry,
environment programmes of the Australian
physiology, anatomy, cytology and molecular
Department of Environment, Sport and Territories,
systematics. The library, with its collection of over
and supports scientific research to document
750,000 books and journals is a resource for all of
Australia’s flora and fauna.
Kew’s research work. The living collections are the
world’s largest with 79,600 accessions representing
RBGE — Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
35,900 species; one in ten of all vascular plants. In
Founded in 1670 as a Physic Garden in Scotland’s
addition Kew has the largest seed bank of wild
capital city, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is
plants containing over 4,000 species.
one of the oldest botanic gardens in the world and is,
after Oxford, the second oldest in the United
NYBG — The New York Botanical Garden
Kingdom. In the ensuing 327 years, it has become
An international leader in botanical research, The
one of the world’s major botanic gardens, with
New York Botanical Garden is at the forefront of the
extensive research, conservation, and education
battle to preserve the world’s plant life. Since 1891
programmes spanning the globe. Today the
its scientists have conducted over 1,000 research
institution encompasses four gardens across
expeditions worldwide to discover and document
Scotland, each affording distinct conditions for the
plants. Today it operates one of the world’s most
cultivation of plants, and together attracting up to |
active research programs in systematic and
million visitors each year.
economic botany. NYBG’s staff of more than 100
RBGE is primarily a research institution devoted researchers and technicians, including Ph.D.
to the study of plants and fungi. Its world-famous botanists, concentrates on exploring tropical regions
living collections (58,000 accessions representing where plant diversity is rapidly vanishing. The
21,000 taxa — 6% of the world’s known vascular institution is also active in training the next
plants), herbarium (2 million specimens), and generation of botanists through graduate programs
library (300,000 books, journals, illustrations and here and field research abroad.
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