Table Of Content13th Australian Tunnelling
Conference Proceedings
2008
4 - 7 May 2008
Melbourne, Australia
The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
Publication Series No 3/2008
Published by
THE AUSTRALASIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY
Level 3, 15 - 31 Pelham Street, Carlton Victoria 3053 Australia
© The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 2008
All papers published in this volume were refereed prior to publication.
The Institute is not responsible as a body for the facts and opinions advanced
in any of its publications.
ISBN 978 1 920806 80 4
Desktop published by:
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The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
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Foreword
On behalf of the Australasian Tunnelling Society (ATS) and the Organising Committee, it is my
great pleasure to welcome you to Melbourne and the 13th Australian Tunnelling Conference
(jointly sponsored by The AusIMM and Engineers Australia).
These ATS conferences are a triennial event and the pre-eminent meeting in Australia for
discussion of what is happening in our industry. The theme of this conference – ‘Engineering in a
Changing Environment’is to reflect the challenges and changes in the way we now work to meet
the expectations of the community and our society. Combined with the very buoyant conditions in
both the civil infrastructure and the mining sectors, which is expected to continue for some time,
this conference is an opportune time to take stock, reflect and discuss and promote our work,
products and learn from others.
The Conference will endeavour to encourage debate and discussion. I hope that all delegates are
able to fully participate and are able to meet and engage with new and old friends in this exciting
industry of ours. I hope that some of the ideas, concepts and solutions will be of benefit.
All papers have been peer reviewed and edited where necessary to ensure the highest quality and
relevance.
I would like to thank all authors, presenters and the keynote speakers for their time and
contributions, the Organising Committee for their hard work and the sponsors and exhibitors for
makingtheconferenceaneconomicreality.IwouldalsoliketothankthestaffofTheAusIMMfor
their valuable assistance and contribution in planning and making this conference a great success.
Russell Cuttler
Conference Chair
Contents
Opening Address
ShapingourFuture KMathers 3
Australian Tunnelling Projects
DesignandConstructionoftheCityWestCableTunnel,Sydney JJAshley 7
Australia
WhenthePortalisintheSea–DesignoftheMarineRisersand JGarnierandWAngerer 21
TunnelConnectionsfortheGoldCoastDesalinationPlant
TugunBypassTunnelUsingTop-DownCut-and-CoverMethod JHsi,SLambertandMThomas 29
PerthCityRailTunnelProject–Overview,Geotechnical EHudson-SmithandMGrinceri 39
ConditionsandBuildingProtection
TheDesignandConstructionofa‘Batcave’ DLeesandDDickson 51
DesignBasisandConstructionExperienceforaBoltand BShenandIChan 55
ShotcreteLinedTunnelfortheWamboRailSpur
TrafficandEmissionModellingforSurfaceRoadsnearthe MVasilovska 59
LaneCoveTunnelCorridor
Design and Development of Ground Support
ShotcreteLiningDesignforUndergroundExcavationsinRock– SBarrett,LMcQueenand 63
TheCurrentStateofPractice BBendtsen
UseofShotcreteArchasTunnelSupport–ACaseStudy IChanandBShen 71
DevelopmentsintheUseofSteelFibreReinforcedConcrete JGreenhalgh,CRobertsand 77
(SFRC)inPrecastSegmentsforTunnelLinings JBrown
StaticTestingofShotcrete ECMorton,AGThompson, 83
EVillaescusaandDHoward
EffectofthePatternisedPinDrainonReductionofPorePressure H-SShin,D-JYoun,Y-SJung, 89
BehindWaterproofShotcreteLiningsforTunnelling G-JBaeandJ-HShin
Three-DimensionalModellingofConstructionTolerancein GSwarbrickandRBertuzzi 95
TrapezoidalSegments
Developments in Tunnel Lining
PredictingCarbonationofConcreteinTunnels MLBerndt 101
MicrotunnellingSolutionforBulimbaCreekTrunkSewer RBhargava,CJewkesand 109
ADomanti
NorthernSewerageProject–LinerSelectioninaCorrosive GWDavidson,METrim, 115
Environment DGFranklin,JVMyersand
PJHansen
Design,InspectionandRehabilitationoftheNewCroton ANoble,DRobertsandAFareth 123
Aqueduct,NewYorkCity
EastLink Tunnels
ProjectOverview–EastLinkTunnel JGardiner 137
EastLinkTunnel–PermanentConcreteLiningand KAssi,FLebbingandETaylor 139
WaterproofingDesign
SelectionofPrimarySupportintheEastLinkTunnels ABennett,PCampiand 149
MDodds
FireandLifeSafety–TheEastLinkPerspective PSSmithandCMacDonald 157
Fire and Life Safety
DelugeSystemOperatingEffectivenessinRoadTunnelsand MBilson,APurchaseand 167
ImpactsonOperatingPolicy CStacey
OperationalManagementofFireSuppressionSystems ADix 175
RoadTunnelProtectionbyWaterMistSystems–Implementation SKratzmeir 181
ofFull-ScaleFireTestResultsintoaRealProject
ResultsandExperienceswithNitrogenDioxide(NO ) CSeewald 187
2
MeasurementinRoadTunnels
Geotechnical and Hydrogeological Developments
AnalysisoftheCreepBehaviourofTunnelsinSandstone/Shale RChenandJCSmall 197
PredictionofRockMassPropertiesAheadofTunnelFace K-YKim,K-SKim,C-YKimand 203
UsingDrillingParameters D-GKim
TunnelGroundwaterInflowMeasurement WMeynink,RWittandMLowing 209
ImpactofRockMassCharacteristicsonHardRockTunnel ARamezanzadeh,JRostami 213
BoringMachinePerformance andDTadic
International Projects
PeanutsandTunnelStuffing–TheBrightwaterConveyance DNAdams,JJJohnson, 223
SystemEastContract METrimandWCranston
RecentAdvancesfromtheUnitedKingdomTunnellingIndustry– TIrelandandTRock 231
TheA3HindheadProject
DesignofShallowCavernsinanUrbanEnvironment HLagger,AAmonandSPollak 239
NorthShoreConnectorTunnelProject,Pittsburgh,USA AJMiller,MDBoscardinand 247
PARoy
AspectsoftheDesignandConstructionoftheChongMing FNg,BFrew,EWongand 253
TunnelShanghai GFerguson
TheBosphorusRailTunnelProject VTelliogluandAUnlutepe 265
LowerLeaValleyCableTunnels–ACaseStudyofaProgram SWoodrow 273
CriticalProject
Landmark Projects
SoftGroundTunnellinginMelbourne–Investigationand PClark,MDixonand 281
DesignoftheMelbourneMainReliever TO’Shannessy
BigDiameterTunnellingBeneathLowRockCover DMeyer,FBrodbeckand 297
NMcKenzie
PlanningandInvestigationoftheAirportLinkTunneland DStewart,AdeAboitizand 305
NorthernBusway,Brisbane TPeglas
Mining Projects
ImprovingRoadwayDevelopmentinUndergroundCoalMines GLewisandGGibson 317
Polymer-BasedAlternativetoSteelMeshforCoalMineStrata CLukey,GSpinks,EBaafi, 327
Reinforcement IPorterandJNemcik
StabilityofRaiseBoredShaftsinAustralianMines WAPeckandMFLee 331
GeotechnicalShaftReconciliationatOyuTolgoi,Mongolia PVoulgaris,MFLee,APurvee 339
andLJMollison
New Zealand Focus
ExcavatingaTunnelintheFoothillsoftheSouthernAlpsof JEdwardsandEGiles 351
NewZealand
AnAppraisalofTunnellingintheAucklandRegionfor AHodgsonandandJStGeorge 361
InfrastructureDevelopment
MicrotunnellingtheOceanOutfallPipeline,Christchurch,New JMoore,RFlemingandGJones 367
Zealand
DesignandConstructionofTunnelsforNorthernGateway DSykes,BDHegan,MBehrens 377
Project,NewZealand andAMcPhee
Risk Management in Tunnelling
CreatingaGeotechnicalBaselineReportforProjectHobson, HAsche,MSheffieldand 387
Auckland MSheffield
RiskManagementThroughDesign–Experiencesfromthe TIreland 393
UnitedKingdomTunnellingIndustry
TheCodeofPracticeforRiskManagementofTunnelWorks– HMoll 399
FutureTunnellingInsurancefromtheInsurer’sPointofView
RecentDevelopmentsinTunnelFireandLifeSafetyStandards JMunro 405
andGuidance
TheUseofRiskAnalysistoAchieveConsistencyintheFire LPoon 413
andLifeSafetyDesignofRoadTunnels
ManagingUndergroundRisksinSingaporeThrough JRozekandLNLoganathan 419
GeotechnicalInterpretativeBaselineReports
ManagementofHydrogeologicalRiskinTunnellingProjects KSrivastava 423
Risk‘Thinking’forAustralianTunnelling PStandish 429
Tunnel Boring Machine (TMB) Tunnelling
UrbanTunnellingChallenges–MechanisedTunnellingto MHerrenknechtandURehm 439
ImproveLifeQualityinCities
TwinStackedTunnels–KDB200KowloonSouthernLink, DRHakeandIPWChau 445
HongKong
TunnellingforBogongHydropowerDevelopment RRooneyandAKindred 453
Workshop – Concrete Segmental Linings for Tunnels and Shafts
DesignofSteelFibreReinforcedSegmentalLiningfortheGold WAngererandMChappell 463
CoastDesalinationTunnels
DesignofaSteelFibreReinforcedConcreteSegmentalTunnel LDrowleyandAKuras 471
Lining–CityWestCableTunnelProject,Sydney,Australia
Shaping our Future
1
K Mathers
ABSTRACT
The presentation will address the following:
• infrastructure trends in Australia,
• learning from experience,
• the challenge of urban congestion,
• how industry can help bring infrastructure projects to fruition, and
• funding models of the future.
1. CEO,SouthernandEasternIntegratedTransportAuthority(SEITA),VictoriaBuilding1,Level1,BrandonBusinessPark,540SpringvaleRoad,Glen
Waverley Vic 3150. Email: [email protected]
13th Australian Tunnelling Conference Melbourne, VIC, 4 - 7 May 2008 3
Design and Construction of the City West Cable Tunnel, Sydney
Australia
1
J J Ashley
ABSTRACT 1.7km long and isaligned approximately north-south along the
westernsideoftheCBDandtraversesbeneathDarlingHarbour
EnergyAustraliaisastate-ownedcorporationinthestateofNewSouth
before aligning with Sussex Street to the north. Three 132 kV
Wales, whose responsibilityincludes ownership and managementof an
feedercableswillextendfromtheTransGridBSPinthesouthto
electricity distribution network. Expansion of the high voltage
distribution network in the Sydney central business district (CBD) theCityNorthSubstationwithanadditional two132kVfeeder
includes the requirementto run an additional five 132 kV feeders over cables entering the tunnel at the connection to City Central
1.7kmfromsouthoftheCBDtoanew132kVsubstationinthenorthern Substation and continuing to the City North Substation. Mary
section of the CBD. A driven tunnel is currently being excavated in AnnStreetshaftprovidespersonnelaccesstothetunnelandsafe
Sydney sandstone beneath Darling Harbourto contain the new 132 kV egress in the event of an emergency. Plant and equipment for
feeders.Tunnelconstructionmethodsinvolvebothroadheaderandtunnel tunnelventilation andtunnelaccessandcontrolarealsolocated
boring machine (TBM) excavation. This paper describes the design within the Mary Ann Street shaft.
development of the cable tunnel, discusses the use of a geotechnical
The main access to the CWCT both during construction and
baseline report as an integral part of the contract documentation and
provides an update of the current construction works. during subsequent operation of the facility is via the vertical
shaft at the end of Mary Ann Street in Haymarket. Due to the
tunnelaccessrestrictions,twoformsoftunnelconstructionhave
INTRODUCTION
been adopted, namely:
EnergyAustralia(EA)isastate-ownedcorporationinthestateof • south from the base of the Mary Ann Street shaft, a
New South Wales whose responsibility includes ownership and
roadheader tunnel extends about 80m to basement level B3
management of an electricity distribution network. EA is in the
of the TransGrid BSP; and
process of upgrading its 132 kVdistribution network within the
Sydney central business district (CBD) and as part of that • extendingabout1.6kmnorthfromtheMaryAnnStreetshaft
upgradeanew132kVcabletunnelisbeingconstructedbetween base to the City North Substation, the tunnel design allows
TransGrid’s Haymarket bulk supply point (BSP) and the for a tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavated bored tunnel
proposed new City North Substation (CNS). The new tunnel is assuming a maximum 4.0 m diameter excavation.
known as the City West 132 kV Cable Tunnel (CWCT).
ThedesignoftheCityWestCableTunnelhasbeencontrolled
The design of the civil works and tunnel services for the principally by the geotechnical conditions existing along the
CWCT has considered EA’s main requirements for the cable proposed tunnel alignment and in particular the variation in
tunnel, which include providing the following:
depth to rockhead, the constraints imposed on the alignment by
• an accessible cable tunnel and associated facilities and existing surface and underground infrastructure, the expected
services to enable efficient installation and operation of tunnel construction methodologies, the spatial requirements to
132 kV feeders, installandtoaccommodate uptofive132kVfeedercablesand
• infrastructure that will accommodate up to five 132 kV associated control cables and the over-riding requirement from
feeders, EnergyAustralia for an essentially dry tunnel. These issues are
• infrastructure which allows for future connection to the discussed in the following sections.
Dalley Street and City East Substations,
• an essentially dry tunnel with total groundwater inflow TUNNEL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
limited to 300 litres per day per 100 m length of tunnel,
Geotechnical and hydrogeological conditions
• a low maintenance environment suitable for continuous
operation of feeders for their design life, ThegeotechnicalstudiescarriedoutfortheCWCTindicatethat
• an environment suitable for personnel access during routine the geology along the tunnel alignment comprises slightly
inspections/maintenance and emergencies, and weathered to fresh Hawkesbury Sandstone overlain by variable
• infrastructure that can be constructed with minimum risk to depths of weathered bedrock and in some areas variably
compacted fill and alluvium. Generally the sandstone has
existing electrical and other infrastructure.
saturatedcompressivestrengthsofbetween20and40MPawith
This paper provides a general description of the cable tunnel quartz contents from 65 per cent to 80 per cent.
project including the design of the main civil and tunnelling
Both massive facies and sheet facies or cross-bedded
works,thegroundconditionsexpectedandthetunnelservicesto
sandstones make up what is described as Unit 6 in the
be installed as part of the tunnelling works. The use of a
geotechnical definitions of ground types. Major geological
geotechnical baseline report,aspartoftheconstructioncontract
features identified in the Sydney CBD are summarised in
for the works, is also mentioned.
Figure 2. These comprise a number of near vertical zones of
faulting or closely spaced joints including the GPO Fault Zone,
GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION whichisexpectedtointersecttheCWCTsouthoftheconnection
totheCityCentralSubstation.Inaddition,thetunnelisexpected
The alignment of the CWCT is shown in Figure 1 on an aerial
tointersectatleasttwodoleritedykes;thePittmanLVIIDyketo
photo background of the Sydney CBD. The tunnel is about
the north of the Mary Ann Street shaft, and the Great Sydney
Dyke at about chainage 370 on the western side of Darling
1. TechnicalDirector,MaunsellAustraliaPtyLtd,POBoxQ410,QVB Harbour.TheCWCTalignmentwillcrossthePittmanLVIIdyke
Post Office, Sydney NSW 1230. Email: [email protected] atanangleofabout45degreesapproximately55mnorthofthe
13th Australian Tunnelling Conference Melbourne, VIC, 4 - 7 May 2008 7
