Table Of ContentME)KJlYHAPOJlHbII1 KOHrPECC nCI1XOJIOrOB B AMEPHKE
(1-7 CeHT516p511929 r.)
A. P. JIypUfl
Me)!{)I.YHapa)I.HbIH xonrpecc no nCHXaJIarHH B HbIO-X3BeHe non-
raTaBJI51JIC51)I.aJITa. Euie sa ron 6bIJIH rosno YCTaHaBJI'eHbl cpoxn H
MeCTa, H orpoxaoe l.fHCJIaHCCJIe)I.aBaTeJIbCKHXYl.fpe[)!{)I,eHHHH aT)I,eJIb-
HbIX nCHXOJIaraB naJIYl.fHJIH npHrJIaWeHH51. 3Ta 6bIJI nepasnt xonrpecc,
YCTpoeHHbIH B AMep'I1Ke (see socexs nepnux MHpaBblx xonrpeccos
no nCHXOJrarHH 6bIJIH B Esponey--a aMepHKaHCKa51nCHXaJIarHl.feCKa51
aCOO~Ha'l(H51rrocrapanacs, l.fTa6 3TOT xonrpecc CTaJI caMbIM 60JIbWHM
saxe-
no KOJIHl.feCTBY;Yl.faCtHHKOB, KaJIH1IeCTBY C.lI:eJIaHHbIX)I,OKJIa)I,OH,
HOCTH 3aTpoHY;TbIX npo6neM.
3TO oeccnopao Y)I,aJIaCb opranaaaropaa ci.eana, H xapaxrepn-
3YIOIII.I1e xonrpecc ~I1(PPbI aCTaBJI51IOT)I,aJIeKO aa c06aH CTaTHCTHKY
scex npeaorax nCHXOJIOrHl.feCKHXxonrpeccos: 1050 tIJIerHaBnpHHHMaJIH
B HeM Yl.faCTHe; OKOJIO)I,ByxcaT H3 HHX npO)I,eJIaJIH )I,OBOJIbHO)I,JIH-
rensnoe nyreurecrmre, H aa TOBapI1Iu.eCKHXscrpesax BO ,lI.Bape Hens-
cxoro YHHBepCHTeTa MO)!{HO6bIJIO BCIOHe,ll.eJIIOxonrpecca Ha6JIIO)I,aTb
O)!{HBJIeHHble 6eCe)I,bI WBe'H~apCKHX nCHXOJIOrOB C 5lnOHCKHMH, CO-
BeTCKHX Y1IeHbIX C nCHXaJIOraMH, npaexasunora HS I1H,lI.HH H KI1.Ta51;
6bIJIH npe)I,CTaBJIeHbI nCHXOHeBpaJIOrH I3paSHJIHH H HOBOH 3eJIaH-
]J.HH,WBeH~apHH H I1TaJIHH, KaHa)I,bI IIi Hcrramta. JlBa)I,~aTb socexs
CTpaH npHCJIaJIH CBOHX)I,eJIeraTaB, H 450 )I,OKJIa)I,OB6bIJIO sacayurano
na SaCe)I,aHH51Xaroro orponaoro H HHTeHCHBHO pa60TaBWerO, He-
CMaTp51aa HCKJIIOl.fHTeJIbHYIO)!{apy, xonrpecca.
O)I,HO nepexacnenae 'ceK~HH, nOCB51llJ,eHHbIXOT)I,eJIbHbIM npa6JIe-'
MaM cospeaeaaoa nCHXOJIOrHH, 3aH51JIO6bI )I,JIHHHbIH CTIHCOK;3)I,eCb
6bIJIH 3aCe)I,aHH51,rrocaamennue nCHXaJIarHH )!{HBaTHblX H npHKJIa)I,-
HOH ncnxooormr, reoperacrecnoa H 3KCne'PHM'eHTa'JIbHOHnCHIXOJIOI'HH
H H3Yl.feHHIOxapaxrepa, HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHbIM TeCTaM H np06JIeMe MbIW-
JIeHH51, Ca~HaJIbHOH H cpaBHHTeJIbHOH nCHXaJIOrHH, np06JIeMe JIiI1l.f-
HaCTH H MOTHBOB, nCI1XaraJIbBaHHl.feCKoMY perpnexcy H H3Yl.feHl!1.l0
)I,BH)!{eHH51rnaa npa l.fTeHHH. nCI1XaJIarH caxux pa3JIHl.fHbIX CTpaH
6*
81 A.P.J[YPH5J
.lI,aJIH snecs pe3YJIbTaTbI CBOI1X I1CCJIe.ll,OBaHI1H,11 pacnasuraacs aa
p5IA TeMaTI14eCKI1XCI1Mn0311YMOBCbe3.l1,npe.ll,CTaBJIHJI.lI,eHCTBI1TeJIbHO
xouraoe spenmue Me)!(.lI,YHapO.ll,HOHHaY4HOH xoonepauaa.
GOBeTCKa5I,lLeJIerail1.l151I rrpaexana B HbIO-tlOPK aa HeCKOJIbKO.lI,HeH
.lI,OOTKpbITI1H KOHrpeCCa 11I1MeJIa .lI,OCTaT04HOBpeMeHI1, 4T06bI CO-
CTaBHThCe6e npeztcraaneuae 0 TOM 06lll.eM tpoae, aa I<OTOPOMnpo-
TeKaJIa BCHpaoora Cbe3,ZI,a.
B .aKa.ll,eMI14eCKOH)!(H3HI1 <lMepI1KaHCKOrO YHI1BepCI1TeTa ncaxo-
JIOrl1H 3aHI1MaeT 04eHb 3Ha411TeJIbHOeMeCTO; ee paCCMaTpl1BaIOT KaK
,lLI1CH,l1nJIHHY,.lI,aIOlll.YIO 06lll.YIO rrO.ll,rOTOBKY HapH.lI,Y C 6110JI0fl1eH,
<p113110JI0fl1eH,COl1.I10JI0fl1eH;C npyron CTOPOHbI-Ha aee CMOTP5ITKaK
na rrpaKTI14eCKYIO HaYKY, HenOCpe.ll,CTBeHHOCBH3aHHYIO C aana-raxa
BOCllI1TaHI15I.3TO onpeneaaer cosepureaao cneuadiauecxoe rrOJIO)Ke-
Axepaxe:
uae rrCI1XOJIOfl1HB oaa pa36HTa na .lI,Ba OT.lI,eJIbHbIXMac-
CHBa, J{a)K.lI,bIHH3 KOTOPbIX3aHHMaeT B aMepHKaHCKOHHaYKe H )K113HI1
3Ha411TeJIbHOeMeCTO, HO 06a H30JII1pOBaHbI zrpyr OT npyra, senyr
He3aBI1CHMOecyurecrsoaanne H xapaK'I'epI13YIOTCH BrrOJIHe caMOCTOSI-
l1eJIbHbIM pa3BI1TUeM. [1CHXOJIOrHH, KaK CPI1JIOColcpcKaHHaYKa (npa
TOM caMOM lllHPOKOM 'rrOHHMaHI1I1 CPHJIOCOCPI1Hx,axoe npWIHHTO 11
B repMaHCKI1X YHI1BepCHTeTa:x), BKJII04a,eT B CBOH COCTaBace JIa6o-
paropao-reoperasecxae H3bICKaHHHnaz; )KI1BOTHbIMH11JIIO.lI,bMH;neaa-
rornuecxas rrCHXOJIOfl1HCTaBHT CBoeH sanasea 06JIer4aTb 11 pauao-
HaJIH3HpOBaTb npouecc BocnHTaHH5I, BHOCHB Hero sees TOT KOMrrJIeKC
npaeaos TeCTl1pOBaHI1H }[ npaKTI14eCKOro H3Mepe'HI1H HHTeJIJIeKTa,
KOTOPbIfI Y Hac BKJII04aeTCH B nporpaMMbI ne.ll.OJIOrl14eCKHX 06cJIe-
.lI,OBaHI1H;npa OTCYTCTBHI1nenoaoraa KaK Cne!l1.l1aJI'bHO'H,njIiCll.l1nJI'H-
HbI-BeCb 3TOT KOMnJIeKC sonpocos COCTaBJI5IeT B AMepI1Ke< npo-
rpaavy nenaroravecxoa nCI1XOJIOfl1H.
3TH .lI,Ba cexropa HBJI5IIOTCSIOCHOBHbIMIf M0lll.HbIMIi MaCCI1BaMI1
nepaua
aMepl1KaHCKOHrrCI1XOJIOrI1H; H3 HHX C03.l1.aJIpSI.lI,Cnel1.HaJIbHbIX
TeOpeTI14eCKHX HaCTpOeHI1H (3TO CJIOBOnonxoznrr K aMepHKaHCKOH
nayxe 60JIbllle, 4eM CJIOBO«Te4eHHe»), H B n~pBYIO 04epe.ll.b-6 Hx 3-
B110 P113M; BTOPOH pa3BI1JI He06bI4aHHYIO no CBoeH OpraHI130BaH-'
HOCTH H CBoeMY Ma'ClllT3I6y pa60TY no nCHXOJIOr.!1,4eCK'HM .113-
Mep eH1151M, OXBaTI1Bllll1M TbICH411 lllKOJI H .lI.eCHTKHBa)KHeHlllHX
rrCHXOJIOrH4eCKHX06JIaCTeH. 11 O.ll.HaKO3TIi zraa MaCCHBaCYlll.eCTBYIOT
B AMepHKe 6e3 BC5IKOrOn04TH KOHTaKTa'.lI.pyr Cnpyroa, 4aCTO HrHO-
pHpyH B3aHMHoe"CYlll.eCTBOBaHHe.B Hsro-Hopxe, aa 120-H YJIIil1.e, aa
Teppl1TOpHH KOJIYM6HHCKoro YHHBepCHTen, CTOHT.lI,Ba3.l1,aHHH:[1CI1-
.XOJIOrH4eCKHH HHCTHTYT C ero I1HTepeCHbIMH JIa60paTOpH5IMHI rro
r.
1 B ee cocras BXOilIiJlIi: I1. Hi Lllnaasp eaa, B. M. 50pOBCKH", C.
I' eJIJIepill Tej;j H H A. P. JI YPHs.
ME)f(.D.YHAPO.D.HbJP! KOHrPECC nCHXOJlorOB 85
06~eii:, npHKJIa)I:HO'ii:H CpaBHHTeJIbHoii: nCHXO'JIOrHHH Teacher's col-
lege-c. 3HaMeHIiTbIMH pa60TaMH Top H,Uaii:Ka no nCHXOJIOrHqe-
CKHM H3MepeHH5!M, 60raTbIMH TeCTOJIOrHqeCKHMHH. nelI.arOrHqeCKHM!H
zipyr-a,
HCCJIe.lI.OBaHH;5!M,H3..lI.aHH5! CT05!T .lI.pyr nporns H H3 OKOH
zrpyroro:
O.lI.HOrO BH.lI.HbI OKHa HO pa60THHKH nCHXOJIorHqeCKOrO
HHcTHTyra HaBp5!.lI.JIll xorzta 3arJI5!.lI.bIBalOTB Teacher's college, KOTO-
PbIii: no H{CMHeHHlO3aHHMaeTC5!npUKJIa.lI.HbIMHTeCTaMH, a He HaCT05l-
me'ii: nCHXOJIOme'ii:; pa60THHKlI Teacher's college OOBCe'MHe mrrepe-
CYlOTC5ITeM, qTO npOHCXO,UHTB nCHX'OJIOrHqeCKOMHHcTHTyTe, 3aHH-
MalOlll.eMC5I sonpocaaa He-)!{H3HeHHbIMH, qJl1JIOCOCPCKHMHa,6CTpaKT-
HbIMH. Me)!{.lI.Y 060HMH cexropava-vpeaxaa rpaunua, H MHe npHXO-
.lI.HJIOCbBH.lI.eTb 3T)' rpaHHU;y BO scex YHHBepCHTeTaX (J.1eJIbC~OM,
rapBa.lI.CKOM, npHHCTOHCKOM), C nCHXOJIOmqeCKHMlf HCCJIe,ZI:OBaHH5IMH
KOTOPbIX MHe npHllIJIOCb 3HaKOMHTbC5!: Psychology H Educational
psychology BXO.lI.51TB pasnue CHCTeMbI.lI.HCU;HnJIHH,pa3BHBalOT CBOH
pacryr zrpyr
MeTO.lI.bI, He3aBHCI1MO OT .apyra.
51
He CKa3aJI 6bI, qTO aMepHKaHCKHe nCHXOJIOrHqeCKHe HHCTHTY-
TbI (BXO.lI.51lll.HeB COCTaB CPHJIOcocpCKoro HJIH aHTpOnOJIOrHqeCKOrO
IJ;HKJia .lI.HCU;HnJIHH)He HMelOT csoero JIHu;a. MHe npmUJIOCb 6bITb
B u;eJIOMP5!.lI.eTaKHX HHCTHTYTOB,H TO ooiuee, qTO 51suaec H3 3THX
noceurenajr, YKJIa,ll,bIBa'eTc5IB H3BecTHYlO KapfJ'HHY,HeCOMHemIO xapax-
'repuyio .lI.JI5IopraHH3aU;HH aMepHKaHcKoii: nCHXOJIOrHH HHCTI1TYTOB.
Ilpescae
BcenQl-3Haql'rreJIbHa'51 qaCTb 3THX HHCTHTYTOB HeCOMHeHHO
51
npoHHKHYT3 nacrpoennew 6HX3BHOpI13Ma. He pellIHJIC5I ObI rosoprrn.
06 aMepHKaticKoM OHX3BHOpJ13Me,KaK 0 llIKOJI'e, KaK 0' HanpaBJIe'HHH;
Y 6HX3BHopH3Ma reneps HeT caoero oprannsauaoauoro uearrpa,
csoero U;eHrpaJIbHOfO MeTO.lI.a, CBoeR 3aMKHYTaH H O.lI.HOP0.I/..HoiC1:H-
CTeMbI H H.lI.eii:; ysensre, csnrarounre ,ce6516HX3BHopHCTaMH., B KOH-
KpeTHbIX HCCJIe.lI.OBaHH5!XfOBOP5!T na pa3HbIX 5!3bIKaX, npanepxor-
BalOTC5I pa3HbIX CPHJIOCOCPCKHBX3fJI5I.lI.OB,BH.lI.51Tnepe.n nCHXOJIOfHeii:
pasaue sana-m. YOTCOHa (Watson), XeHTepa (Hunter), Beii:/c-
Ca (Weiss) H 313 1lIJIH (Lasch ley), KOHeqHO, HH npa KaKHX YCJIOBH5IX
HeJIb35! npHqHCJIHTb K O.lI.HOMYTeqeHHlO. ECJIH qTO 06be.ll.HH5!eT HX-
3TO He llIKOJIa, a 06JIaCTb HCCJIe.lI.OBaHH5HI HCCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbCKHena-
CTpOeHH5I.B OCHOBepa60T Ka)!{.lI.OfOH3 HHX JIe)!{HT COrJIaCHe B TOM,
qTO He C03HaHHe H cy6beKTHBHbIii: MHP, a' noseneane 5!BJI5!eTC5nIpen-
MeTOM HCCJfe)l:OBaHH5!.ll.JI5! nCHXOJIOfa. K 3TOMY sneumeay nose-
.ll:eHHlOOH MO)!{eT.nO,UXO,UHTbC JIlo6bIMH MeTo,UaMH, nepeuocs crena
H OnbIT 300nCHXOJIOfHH, H MaTepHaJIbI crapux nCHXOJIOfHqeCKHX
HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHii:,nOCKOJIbKY OHH HMeJIH .lI.eJIOH C 06beKTHBHoii: CTO-
Ilpa
POHOii: nOBe,UeHH5!(cp. «BbIpa3HTeJIbHa51 MeTO,UHKa»By H,UTa).
scex 3TOM-OH .ll.OJI)!{eH OCTaBaTbC5I HCCJIe.lI.OBaTeJleMnOBe.ll.eHH5I,
06beKTHBHbIX peaKUjHM q'eJIOBe'Ka,YCJIOBHii:, orrpenensnoumx HX pas-
86 A. P.JIYPlffl
BHTHe" BOCrrHTaHHe,YCTaHOBJIeHH5IHaBbIKOB, rrOCT05IHHbIX«CTaHAapT-
HbIX)) peaKIJ,HH:opraaaaaa (reaction pattern). Bee 3TO He C03AaeT
HarrpaBJFeHH5I(H60 3AeCb euie ner 0611J,HOCTlIB Pa3PeIII eHHH arax
sanas), HO onpeneaser Kpyr, 06JIaCTb HCCJIe.lIJOiBaHHH1,1 aror Kpyr
HCCJIe)l.OBaHHHM: bI acrpesaex B 3HaqHTeJIbHOM q11CJIeaMepHKaHCKHX
nC11XOJIOr11qeCKHXHHCTHTYTOB.HH O)I.HHH3 HHX He HBJIHeTCHHHCTH-
ryTOM, lJ,eJIHKOMCTOHIIJ,HMaa n03HIJ,HHXKaKOH:-HH6Y)I.b,IllKOJIbI; «)I.eMO-
,
KpaTH3M)) aMepHKaHCKHX nayuaux yqpe)K)I.eHHH: qallJ,e scero CBO)l.HTCH
K HaHBHOMY nOJIO)KeHHIO, qTO HaYKa )I.OJI)KHa HBJIHTbCH CHCTeMOH:
nOJIO)KI1TeJIbHbIX 3MrrHpHqeCKHX 3HaHHH:, B KOTOPbIX npanuanaans-
nue, CPHJIOcocpCKaeYCTa'HOBKHBHlOCHTJIlIIllb Bp!e'.lI;'HbrAarrpaopaae:
orpoxace 61~bIllHHCTBO aMepilfKaHCKHX nC'lfXOJI'Of'OB-i1'C'CJIe)I.OBaTeJIeit
CqHT·aIOTce6H «CBo60)I;HbIM'Hl)01' KaKOr,o-JFH6o,onpenexenaoro CPHJIO-
corpcxoro B3fJIHACl',OT npHHa'AJI'e)KHOCT11K KaKOMY-H116Y)l.bnCH'XOJIO-
rHQeCKOMY HarrpaBJIeHHIO,-H B aMep11KaHCKHX 11HCT11ryTaX MO)KHO
HaH:THrrpe)I.CTaBHTeJIeH:COBepIlleHHO pa3JI11qHbIXYCTaHOBOK11n'acrpoe-
HHH; O)l.HaKO-B 60JIbIlIHHCTBe lI3 HHX npoi6JFeMbI nO~Be:AeHHHC1'OH1'
B OCHOBepa60TbI; ana-nrrem.naa qaCTb pa60THHKOB (qTO oc06eHHO
xapaxrepno )I.JIH aMepHKaHCKHX HCCJIe)I.OBaTeJIeH:)rrpOBO)l.HT CBOH
pa60TbI O)I.HOBpeMeHHOH na qeJIOBeKe H aa )KHBOTHbIX; JIy.•.I•lIHe axe-
pHKaHCKHe HCCJIe)I.OBaHHH(nanp. pa60TbI no HaBbIKaM JI3IlIJIH 11XeH-
Tepa) 6bIJI11rronyxenu HMeHHOTaKHM MeTO)I.OM,npa K01'OPOMrpaanuu
300nCHXOJIIOrHH11nCHXOJIOr'J11qHeJIOBeKa CrJIa)KHBaIOTCH,H ncnxocrorna
nepepacraer B 06IIJ,yIO nayxy 06 06'beKTHBHbIX MexaHH3Max nose-
AeHH5I.
PH.ll.OMC 3THM MaCCHBOMpa601', 4HC1'O HCCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbCKHXr,eo-
peTHqeCKHX B CBOHX OCHOBax, CTOHIIJ,HXaa rpanane nCHXOJIOrH'H:H
6HOJFOrH4eCKHxHaYK,-c He06blqaH:HOH:opraHH30BaHHocTbIO pa3BHJICH
H BTOpOH:orpoxaua MaCCHBaaepasaacxax nCHXOJIOrH~eCKHXHCCJIe-
AOBaHHH,C1'OJIb»ce xapaxrepaun AJIHaMepHKaHCKOH:npaKTHKH, CKOJI:b-
KO nepsun xapaxrepen AJIH axepaxaucxon reopaa,
IlCHXOJIOrHH He06blqaH:HO IlIHPOKO 3aXBaTHJIa B AMepHKe pHA
npaKTHqeCKHX, nenaroranecxnx 06JIaCTeH:. Ka)KAa51 IllKOJIa rrbITae1'C51
paIJ,HOHaJIH3HpOBaTb, nCHXOJIOmqeCKM oriocaoaars CBOH:nezarorase-
CKHHnpouecc: aasonu nexoropsrx IlITaTOB (nanp. MaCCaqY3eTc) npen-
nHChIBaIOT BbI)I.eJI51Tbocooue rpyrrriu )I.JIHyqeHHKOB, np05lBJI51IOIIJ,HX
onpeAeJIeHHYIO crerreas OTCTaJIOCTH,nepexO)I.51IlJ,YIOqepe3 YCTaHoB-
neaasre )l.JI51HHTeJIJIeKryaJIbHOH: HOPMbI rpanauu. 3TO orrpezreaaer
He06xo)I.HMOCTb nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOrO06CJIe)I.OBaHHHBO BCeH:cera IIIKOJ,I
H HaAO 3aMe1'H1'b, qTO TaKa51panora oprauaaoeaaa B AMepHKe HC-
KJIIOqHTeJIbHOxopouro. HeCKOJIbKO JIeT TOMy Ha3a)I., xorzta 3TO )l.BH-
)KeHHe 6bIJIO eure nHOHepCKHM,-3a)I.aqH npOH3BO)I.H1'b TaKHe 06cJIe-
.ll.OBaHH516bIJIH nopysenu CnelJ,HaJIbHbIM <<flepe.ll.BH)KHbIMKJIHHHKaM)),
Mf;/KD,YHAPOD,HbIU KOHrPECC T1CI1XOJlorOB 87
'e3.l1.HBIllHMH3 ropo.aa B ropon H npOH3BO.ll.HBIllHMHHTeJIJIeKryaJIbHOe
oocaenosanae .lI.eTe'HCOi()lTBeTCTBYIOIIr;HuXrxoor, B Te'IeHHe' nOCJIe.n:;iHlX
,JIeT nOJIO)l{eHHeH3MeHHJIOCb,H nO'ITH npa Ka)l{.lI.OHIllKOJIe H Ka)l{.lI.OM
.lI.eTCKOMyspeacnenan cyurecrsyer «nCHXOJIOr», aa .lI.OJIexoroporo
.JIe)l{HT TeCTHpOBaHHe ncex jI.eTeH, onpeneaeuae HX YMCTBeHHoro
n.
YPOBH5I, IllKOJIbHOH npHrO.ll.HOCTHH T.
COBepIlleHHO nOH5ITHO,'ITO TaKHe IllHpOKHe aanaxa lIOTpe60BaJIH
H cepsesaoro HaY'IHOrO 060CHOBaHH5I np06JIeMbI n CHX0 JI0r H'I e-
P
CKHX H3Me eHHH, iIf M'O)l{HOCKa3aTb, 'ITO HILr.ll.esra rrporineaa He
naurna TaI{KX IllHPOKHX CPOPMyrJIy6JIe'fLHOHpa3pa60TK.H, KaK BaMepH-
KaHCKOHnenarornsecxon nCHXOJIOrILIL nOCJIe pa60T Top H.lI.a'HKa
M'O)l{HOcxaaam., 'ITO aMepHl<:aHCKa5rIrCIiXOJlOrH5IB 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOHCBO-
eH 'IaCTH 5IBJI5IeTC5IH3M'ep5IIO~le'iI nCHx'OJIOrneH. Heotiu-
'IaHHO TOHKHe MeTO.ll.bI Ii3MepeHH5I nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKHX CPYHKlI,HH,IHX
nO.ll.p06HblH H TO'IHbIH MaTeMaTH'IeCKHHaHaJIH3,npaxeaenae crannap-
TH30BaHHblX TeCTOBaa orpoxmoa MaTepIfaJIe H nrapoxoe HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHe KOppeJIaTHBHOro H3Y'IeHH5I nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKHX npOll,eCCOB,-BOT
'ITO CTaJIOOCHOBHbIMH Cnell,HcpH'IeCKHM.lI.JI5Isroro lI,HKJIaavepaxan-
,CKHXHCCJIe.ll.OBaHIiH1.13Mep5IIO~a5InCHXOJIOrH5Ipacnpocrpanana CBOH
narepecu H .lI.aJIeKOsa npenensr H3MepeHH5I IiH'T'e'JIJIeKTaH oaapen-
HOCTH.Y'IeCTb see rpaxropu rrenarorusecxoro npouecca, Bblpa3HTb
HX B TO'IHbIX uarppax, YCTpaHHTbcoBceM CJIY'IaHHble, HeY'ITeHHble
cpaKTopbI H CTPOHTb socrraraaae C OTKpbITbIMH rJIa3aMH If TO'IHO
aazta-nr,
,y'ITeHHbIMH YCJIOBH5IMH-BOTOCHOBHble CT05I~He nepen 3TOH
nCHXOJIOrHeH,-H ee .lI.aHHble HaIllJI.H eerie npaaeneuae B illIiJPOKOH
nenaroraxecxoa npaxrnxe. B anepaxancxax (KaK H BO BC5IKHX)IllKO-
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