Table Of ContentZero to Mastery in
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
• Shadab Saifi (Illustrator) • Ayaz Uddin (Editor)
Vayu Education of India
2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110 002
Copyright © Vayu Education of India
First Edition: 2022
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Contents
Unit- I: Distributed Computing 1-11
Unit- II: Cloud Computing Service Models and Deployment Models 13-27
Unit- III: Grid Computing 29-41
Unit- IV: Other Technologies 43-56
Index 57
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Unit- I
Distributed Computing
1.1 Overview of Cloud Computing
1.2 Characteristics of Cloud Computing
1.3 Advantages of Cloud Computing
1.4 Challenges of Cloud Computing
1.5 Applications of Cloud Computing
UNIT-I
1
BASIC CONFIGURATION OF ROBOTICS AND ITS
WORKING
1.1 OVERVIEW OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud computing is computing in which large groups of remote servers
are networked to allow centralized data storage and online access to computer
services or resources. Clouds can be classified as public, private or hybrid.
Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence
and economies of scale, similar to a utility (like the electricity grid) over a
network.
Cloud computing focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of the shared
resources. Cloud resources are usually not only shared by multiple users but
are also dynamically reallocated per demand. This can work for allocating
resources to users. For example, a cloud computer facility that serves European
users during European business hours with a specific application (e.g., email)
may reallocate the same resources to serve North American users during
North America's business hours with a different application (e.g., a web
server). This approach should maximize the use of computing power thus
reducing environmental damage as well since less power, air conditioning,
4 Zero to Mastery in Distributed Computing
rack space, etc. are required for a variety of functions. With cloud computing,
multiple users can access a single server to retrieve and update their data
without purchasing licenses for different applications.
The term "moving to cloud" also refers to an organization moving away
from a traditional CAPEX(capital expenditure) model (buy the dedicated
hardware and depreciate it over a period of time) to the OPEX(operational
expenditure) model (use a shared cloud infrastructure and pay as one uses it).
It was observed that cloud computing allows companies to avoid upfront
infrastructure costs, and focus on projects that differentiate their businesses
instead of on infrastructure. It was also observed that cloud computing allows
enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved
manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust
resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand .Cloud
providers typically use a "pay as you go" model. This can lead to unexpectedly
high charges if administrators do not adapt to the cloud pricing model.
The present availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers
and storage devices as well as the widespread adoption of hardware
virtualization, service-oriented architecture, and autonomic and utility
computing have led to a growth in cloud computing.
Cloud vendors are experiencing growth rates of 50% per annum.
1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:
1. Application programming interface (API) accessibility to software
that enables machines to interact with cloud software in the same
way that a traditional user interface (e.g., a computer desktop)
facilitates interaction between humans and computers.
2. Cost reductions claimed by cloud providers. A public-cloud
delivery model converts capital expenditure to operational
expenditure. This purportedly lowers barriers to entry, as
infrastructure is typically provided by a third party and does not
need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive
computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-
grained, with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required
for implementation (in-house). The e-FISCAL project’s state-of-the-
art repository contains several articles looking into cost aspects in
more detail, most of them concluding that costs savings depend
on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure
available in-house.
3. Device and location independence enable users to access systems
using a web browser regardless of their location or what device
Cloud Computing 5
they use (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site
(typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet,
users can connect from anywhere.
4. Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because
they do not need to be installed on each user’s computer and can
be accessed from different places.
5. Multitenancy refers to a principle in software architecture where
a single instance of the software runs on a server, serving multiple
tenants. A tenant is a group of users sharing the same view on
the software they use. Multitenancy enables sharing of resources
and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:
• Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs
(such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
• Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for
highest possible load-levels)
• Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are
often only 10–20% utilized.
6. Performance is monitored and consistent and loosely coupled
architectures are constructed using web services as the system
interface.
7. Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on
the same data simultaneously, rather than waiting for it to be saved
and emailed. Time may be saved as information does not need to
be re-entered when fields are matched, nor do users need to install
application software upgrades to their computer.
8. Reliability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites,
which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for
business and disaster recovery.
9. Scalability and elasticity via dynamic (“ondemand”) provisioning of
resources on a fine-rained, self-service basis in near real-
time without users having to engineer for peak loads.
10. Security can improve due to centralization of data, increased
security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss
of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for
stored kernels. Security is often as good as or better than other
traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote
resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot
afford to tackle. However, the complexity of security is greatly
increased when data is distributed over a wider area or over a
greater number of devices, as well as in multi-tenant systems
6 Zero to Mastery in Distributed Computing
shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit
logs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are
in part motivated by users’ desire to retain control over the
infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.
Essential characteristics
A consumer can unilaterally provision
computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed
automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
Capabilities are available over the network and
accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous
thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and
workstations).
The provider’s computing resources are pooled to
serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical
and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to
consumer demand.
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and
released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward
commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for
provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity
at any time.
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize
resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction
appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and
active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and
reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of
the utilized service.
1.3 ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud computing is probably the most cost efficient
method to use, maintain and upgrade. Traditional desktop software costs
companies a lot in terms of finance. Adding up the licensing fees for multiple
users can prove to be very expensive for the establishment concerned. The
cloud, on the other hand, is available at much cheaper rates and hence, can
significantly lower the company’s IT expenses. Besides, there are many one-
time-payments, pay-as-you-go and other scalable options available, which
make it very reasonable for the company in question.
Storing information in the cloud gives you
almost unlimited storage capacity. Hence, you no more need to worry about
running out of storage space or increasing your current storage space
availability.
