Table Of ContentXilith International
Astronautical Congress
Xille Congres International
d'A stronautique
XIII Me>KAYHapoAHbIM KOHrpecc
no ACTpoHaBTMKe
Varna1962
Comptes rendus Proceedings
AOKJ1 C1Ab I
11
1964
Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH
XIIf INTERNATIONAL
h
ASTRONAUTICAL CONGRESS
VARNA 1962
XIIIe CONGRES INTERNATIONAL
D'ASTRONAUTIQUE
XIII ME}f{,l(YHAPO,l(HbIVI KOHrPECC
no ACTPOHABTVIKE
PROCEEDINGS
COMPTES RENDUS 1(0 KJIA,llhI
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
N. BONEFF AND 1. HERSEY
WITH 391 FIGURES
II
(PAGES 483-1026)
1964
SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN GMBH
ISBN 978-.-7019-4541-8 ISBN 978-3-7091-4687-3
DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-4687-3
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1964
All rights reserved
This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced
in any form (including photostatic or microfilm form)
without written permission of the publishers
Titel Nr.8062
Foreword
The International Astronautical Federation, the first and oldest international
astronautical organization, was established in 1950, long before the first artificial
earth satellites had made their appearance, by a far-seeing group of engineers
and scientists with a profound belief in the sparkling future of space flight.
While there are at this time several other international astronautical organiza
tions, their creation at a time when large numbers of satellites dot the heavens
and space vehicles are already making their way to the Moon, Venus and Mars,
is no longer difficult.
The Annual IAF Congresses have, since the Federation was organized, made
a number of important contributions to astronautical progress. More and more
care has been taken through the years in the review and selection of technical
papers offered for presentation at the Congresses, and the quality of the papers
has continually improved.
This was particularly evident at the XlIIth IAF Congress, held in Varna,
Bulgaria, in September, 1962, where the technical program was organized in
its entirety by an International Program Committee, made up of Prof. EDMoND
BRUN (France) as Chairman, Prof. NICoLAs BONEFF (Bulgaria), Prof. SAMUEL
HERRICK (USA), Dr. AKE HJERTSTRAND (Sweden), Prof. LEONID 1. SEDOV
(USSR), and Prof. MARTIN SUMMERFIELD (USA).
The Committee had been established at the previous IAF Congress in
Washington, D. C., for the specific purpose of handling this difficult and responsible
task. Its achievements may be measured by the fact that this practice is likely
to become the traditional means for organizing the technical programs of future
IAF meetings.
The conquest of space is today the greatest and most difficult problem
facing Man. It is a problem which has been the concern of the IAF for the past
14 years, and it is here that the importance of a collaborative international
effort in this area has manifested itself to the greatest degree.
The Co-Editors would like to express their appreciation to the following
individuals for their cooperation and assistance in the preparation of this volume:
Dr. MARTIN SUMMERFIELD, Vice-President, Publications, American Institut,e
of Aeronautics and Astronautics; lng. B. FRAEIJS DE VEUBEKE, University
of Liege, Belgium; IRVIN GLASSMAN, Princeton University; Dr. FRANCIS S.
JOHNSON, Graduate Research Center ofthe Southwest; Dr. RICHARD W. LAWTON,
Missile and Space Vehicle Division, General Electric Company; Dr. SIDNEY
B. METZGER, Communications Satellite Corp.; Dr. IGOR MILOVIDOV, U. S. S. R.
Academy of Sciences; Dr. CHARLES J. MUNDo, JR., Institute for Defense Analyses;
Dr. B. H. PAIEWONSKY, Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton; and
Dr. S. FRED SINGER, National Weather Satellite Center, U. S. Weather Bureau.
Also, Miss RUTH F. BRYANS, Managing Editor, AIAA Journal; Misses
SOPHIA BATTHA and SUE LIND ER, Assistant Editors, AIAA Journal; and Miss
LORETTA SWIT, Miss SHELAGH KAVANAGH and Mrs. ELEANOR GRAY of the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics staff.
Sofia and NewYork, May 1964
Nicolas Boneff and Irwin Hersey
Contents
I. Lunar, Solar and Planetary Phenomena
Free Oseillations of the Moon and Observations by a Long-Period Seismograph
System. By R. L. Kovach and R. E. Carr. (With 1 Figure) ............. 1
The Modern Form of the Impact Hypothesis of Lunar Relief Formation. By
B. J. Levin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Exhaust Jet - Dust Layer Interaction During a Lunar Landing. By L. Roberts.
(With 6 Figures) ................................................... 21
Enhaneement of Radar Refleetivity Assoeiated with the Lunar Crater Tycho.
By G. H. Pettengill and J. C. Henry. (With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38
The History of the Lunar Atmosphere and the Possibility of the Presence of
Ice and Organic Compounds on the Moon. By V. S. Safronov and
E. L. Rouskol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
Eeospheric Consequenees of the Haselgrove-Hoyle-Schwarzschild Theory
Concerning the Evolution of the Sun. By J. Gadomski. (With 1 Figure). .. 54
Some Astrophysieal Aspects on Astronautics. By H. Lambrecht and
K.-H. Schmidt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
On the Forecasting of Solar Flares. By S. I. Gopasyuk, M. B. Ogir, A. B. Severny,
E. F. Shaposhnikova, and N. V. Steshenko. (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
Progress Report on Mariner 2. By W. H. Pickering. (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . 70
On the Presenee of Oxygen in the Atmosphere of Venus. By V. K. Prokofiev
and M. N. Petrova. (With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Infrared Spectra and the Problem of Physieal Conditions on the Surface of Venus.
By V. I. Moroz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82
Petrographie Studies in Extraterrestrial Explorations. By W. H. Baier,
J. A. Campbell, and P. N. Slater. (With 8 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88.
11. Atmospheric and Space Physics
On the Influence of the Ionosphere on the Radiotraeking of Space Rockets.
By G. L. Gdalevich, K. I. Gringauz, V. A. Rudakov, and S. M. Rytov.
(With 6 Figures) ................................................... 119
Ionization of the Upper Atmosphere by Solar Extreme Ultraviolet. By
G. S. Ivanov-Kholodny. (With 3 Figures) .............................. 131
Meteorological Satellites. By S. F. Singer. (With 16 Figures) ................. 146
The Lyman Alpha Line in Space. By R. Tousey. (With 9 Figures) .......... 166
A Preliminary Review of the Upper Atmosphere Observations Made During the
Saturn High Water Experiment. By K. H. Debus, W. G. Johnson,
R. V. Hembree, and Ch. A. Lundquist. (With 8 Figures) ................. 182
Some Problems of the Upper Atmosphere. By D. R. Bates ................. 197
The Perspective of Clouds as Seen from Space Vehicles. By F. Burdecki. (With
13 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 205
VI Contents
Intensity of the X-Ray Radiation of the Sun Near the Short-Wave Limit of
the Spectrum. By S. Mandelstarn, I. Tindo, Yu. Voron'ko, B. Vasilyev,
A. Shuryghin, and E. Fetisov. (With 1 Figure) ......................... 228
The Boundary Region of the Geomagnetic Field. By P. J. Coleman, Jr. (With
6 Figures) .......................................................... 233
Les formations nuageuses au-dessus du Sahara d'apres les renseignements du
TIROS. Par A. Villevieille et R. Jalu. (Avec 4 Figures) ................ 255
On One Possible Mechanism of the Trapping of Charged Particles in a Geomagnetic
Field. By V. M. Vakhnin and G. A. Skuridin. (With 5 Figures) ........... 265
III. Bioastronautics
The Problem of Ionizing Radiations in Space Flight. By A. Pasinetti and
Laura E. Pasinetti. (With 1 Figure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 271
Sterilization of Lunar and Planetary Space Vehicles. (A Review.) By
C.-J. Clemedson ..................................................... 292
Etude concernant l'adaptation de l'appareil cardiovasculaire chez les aviateurs
en differentes conditions de sol et d'hypobarisme, avec et sans costume de
compensation. Par G. Arsenescu, S. Schiau et A.lonascu. (Avec 3 Figures) 314
Some Problems of Experimental Space Physiology. (On the Problem of Transverse
Accelerations.) By P. V. Vasilyev, A. D. Voskresensky, and O. G. Gazenko .. 343
Some Medical and Biological Problems of Manned Space Flight. By V. I. Yazdovsky
and S. A. Gozulov .................................................. 353
IV. Celestial Mechanics
General Review of Work in Celestial Mechanics at Moscow University. By
G. N. Duboshin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 362
Theoretical Considerations on the Translational-Rotational Motion of Two
Attracting Spheroidal Bodies. By P. Lanzano. (With 1 Figure) ......... 379
La determinat·ion des coordonnees geocentriques des satellites et des stations
d'observation. Par C. Popovici. (Avec 1 Figure) ........................ 411
Benutzung der Beobachtungen der künstlichen geodätischen Erdsatelliten zur
Ableitung ellipsoidischer geographischer Koordinaten auf dem Referenz
ellipsoid. Von W. K. Hristov. (Mit 1 Abbildung) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 420
The Sun's Perturbing Effect on Motion Near a Triangular Lagrange Point.
By J. P. de Vries. (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 432
Precession Rates for an Artificial Satellite. By J. LoreH and J. Anderson ..... 451
Quelques considerations thermodynamiques concernant l'astronautique. Par
K. Pop off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 462
Nouvelles formes des equations differentielles du mouvement des systemes
maMriels holonomes et non holonomes. Par I. Tzenoff ................. 472
Determination du temps par observations effectuees sur la Lune. Par N. Boneff 477
V. Trajectory Analysis and Navigation
Three-Dimensional Parametric Study of Lunar Return Trajectories. By
J. W. Kiefer. (With 21 Figures) ...................................... 483
On the Motion of a Body of Variable Mass with Constant and Decreasing Power
Consumption in a Gravitational Field. Part II. By G. L. Grodzovsky,
J. N. Ivanov, and V. V. Tokarev. (With 3 Figures) ...................... 511
Contents VII
Precisions requises pour les trajectoires de retour d'engins spatiaux. Par L. Moulin.
(Avec 22 Figures) ................................................... 523
Sur la possibiliM de realisation d'un vaisseau orbital stationnaire au-dessus
d'un point non situe sur l'equateur terrestre. Par M. M. Nita. (Avec 6 Figures) 555
Analytical Determination of Three-Dimensional Interplanetary Transfers. By
D. N. Lascody. (With 2 Figures) ...................................... 571
VI. Satellite Attitude Control
Attitude Control in Space - A Look at Current Problems and Status. By
R. E. Roberson. (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 595
Stability in Orbit of the Automatic Earth Satellite in the Upper Atmosphere.
By I. Pascaru. (With 2 Figures) ..................................... 623
Design and Dynamic Testing of an Ultrahigh Accuracy Satellite Stabilization
and Control System for the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. By
D. A. Imgram, R. R. Ziemer, and E. stern. (With 19 Figures) ............ 638
Investigation of the Dynamics of a Gravitational Stabilization System. By
V. A. Sarychev. (With 10 Figures) .................................... 658
Gravitational Stabilization System of Artificial Satellites. By D. E. Okhotsimsky
and V. A. Sarychev. (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 691
VII. Vehicle and Propulsion Technology
An Advanced Concept for the Launch and Recovery of Very Large Rocket
Vehicles. By J. M. Armstrong. (With 13 Figures) ...................... 697
Manned Lunar Vehicle Design. By G. R. Arthur. (With 21 Figures) .......... 723
Fluid Behavior in Zero Gravity. By J. T. Neu and R. J. Good. (With 6 Figures) 752
Jets de plasmas dans les tubes de choc a soufflage magnetique. Par M. Cloupeau.
(Avec 10 Figures) ................................................... 768
Optimum Contour Heat-Rejection Fins Cooled by Radiation. Part H. By
G. L. Grodzovsky and V. V. Frolov. (With 6 Figures) ................... 778
Turbulent Shock-Wave Boundary Layer Separation and Overexpanded Nozzle
Flow. By M. Arens. (With 5 Figures) ................................ 788
The "Glow-plug" Nuclear Gaseous-core Reactor for Space Missions. By
R. W. Hallet, Jr. (With 14 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 800
The Application of the Wave Superheater in Nuclear Rocket Systems. By
W. Squire. (With 7 Figures) ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 818
VIII. Communication Satellites
The Current NASA Communications Satellite Program. By L. Jaffe. (With
28 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 830
Relay, an Experimental Satellite for TVand Multichannel TelephonyCommunica
tions. By R. Pickard, S. Roth, and J. D. Kiesling. (With 15 Figures) ..... 856
World Communication Satellite System. By G. K. C. Pardoe. (With 9 Figures) 880
Quasi-Passive Satellite Relay Communication System. By E. L. Gruenberg and
C. M. Johnson. (With 13 Figures) .................................... 916
Characteristics of Passive Communication Satellites with Lambertian Surfaces.
By H. P. Raabe. (With 13 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 939
VIII Contents
On the Motion of Echo I-Type Earth Satellites_ By L. N. RoweIl, M. C. Smith,
and W. L. Sibley. (With 10 Figures) .. __ ........................... _ .. 954
Comparison of Telephone Transmission Systems for Satellite Links. By
E. K. Sandeman and M. D. MurrelI. (With 6 Figures) . _ ..... _ ........... 967
The 1970 Communication Satellite - a High-Power Satellite. By N. I. Korman.
(With 17 Figures) ................. _ ....... _ ........................ 996
Contributors
ANDERS ON, J., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, U. S. A ....................................... . I 451
ARENS, M., Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Technion - Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel .............................. . 11 788
ARMSTRONG, J. M., Project Engineer, Aerojet-General Corporation, Sac1·a-
mento, California, U. S. A .......................................... . 11 697
ARSENESCU, G., Institut de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique « D. Danielo
polu» de l' Academie de la Republique Populaire Roumaine, Bucharest,
Rumania; present address: Institutul Medico-Farmaceutic, Catedra de
Fiziologie, Tirgu Mures, Rumania ................................. . I 314
ARTHUR, G. R., Manager, Advanced Manned Systems Engineering, General
Electric Company, Missile and Space Division, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania,
U. S.A. ......................................................... . 11 723
BAIER, W. H., Manager, Space Systems Section, Division of Mechanics
Research, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology,
Ohicago, Illinois, U. S. A.; present address: Manager, Aerospace Mechanisms
Laboratory, Emerson Electric Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Missouri, U. S. A ..... I 88
BATES, D. R., Department of Applied Mathematics, Queen's University,
Belfast, Northern Ireland .......................................... . I 197
BONEFF, N., Chef de la Section d'Astronomie a 1'Academie Bulgare des
Sciences, Institut d'Astronomie, Universite de Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria .. . I 477
BURDECKI, F., Weather Bureau, Pretoria, Union of South Africa ........ . I 205
CAMPBELL, J. A., Associate Research Engineer, Space Systems Section,
Division of Mechanics Research, Armour Research Foundation, Illinois
Institute of Technology, Ohicago, Illinois, U. S. A .................... . I 88
CARR, R. E., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, U. S. A ....................................... . I 1
CLEMEDSON, C.-J., Department of Hygiene, University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden ............................................... . I 292
CLOUPEAU, M., Universite de Paris, Laboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides,
Meudon (Seine-et-Oise), France .................................... . 11 768
COLEMAN, P. J., JR., National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, D. C., U. S. A.; present address: Space Science Center,
Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California,
Los Angeles, California, U. S. A. . .................................. . I 233
DEBUS, K. H., Director, Launch Operations Center, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, Oape Kennedy, Florida, U. S. A. . ......... . I 182
DE VRIES, J. P., Manager, Astrodynamics, Space Sciences Laboratory, Missile
and Space Division, General Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
U. S.A. ......................................................... . I 432
DUBOSHIN, G. N., Department of Celestial Mechanics and Gravimetry,
Moscow University, Moscow, U. S. S. R ............................. . I 362
FETISOV, E., Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Lebedev Physical Institute,
U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U. S. S. R. ............... . I 228
FROLOV, V. V., Engineer, Moscow, U. S. S. R .......................... . 11 778
GADOMSKI, J., Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Warsaw,
Poland .......................................................... . I 54
GAZENKO, O. G., Department of Biological Sciences, U. S. S. R. Academy
of Sciences, M08COW, U. S. S. R .................................... . I 343
x Contributors
GDALEVICH, G. L., Commission on Investigation and Use of Outer Space,
U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U. S. S. R ................ . I 119
GOOD, R. J., Senior Staff Scientist, Chemical Physics Group, Space Sciences
Laboratory, General Dynamics/Astronautics, San Diego, California, U. S. A. II 752
GOPASYUK, S. I., Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Poselok Nauchny of
the Crimean Oblast, Bakhchisaray Region, U. S. S. R ................ . I 63
GOZULOV, S. A., U. S. S. R. Academy of Medical Sciences, 1~oscow, U. S. S. R. I 353
GRINGAUZ, K. 1., Commission on Investigation and Use of Outer Space,
U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U. S. S. R. . .............. . I 119
GRODZOVSKY, G. L., Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, ]}loscow, U. S. S. R ........... II 511, II 778
GRUENBERG, E. L., Manager, Space Communications Systems Department,
Federal Systems Division, International Business Machines Corporation,
Bethesda, Maryland, U. S. A ....................................... . II 916
HALLET, R. W., JR., Director, Research and Development, Missile and Space
Systems Division, DouglasAircraft Company, Inc., Santa1~onica, California,
U.S.A. ......................................................... . II 800
HEMBREE, R. V., Research Projects Division, Marshall Space Flight Center,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Huntsville, Alabama,
U. S.A. ......................................................... . I 182
HENRY, J. C., Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Lexington, Massachusetts, U. S. A .................................. . I 38
HRISTOV, W. K., Academie Bulgare des Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria ........ . I 420
IMGRAM, D. A., OAO (Orbiting Astronomical Observatory) Project Engineer;
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, Bethpage, New York, U. S. A. II 638
IONA~cu, A., Institut de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique (,D. Danielo
polu» de l'Academie de la Republique Populaire Roumaine, Bucharest,
Rumania ........................................................ . I 314
IVANov, J. N., Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 111oscow,
U. S. S.R. ....................................................... . II 511
IVANOV-KHOLODNY, G. S., Institute of Applied Geophysics of the U. S. S. R.
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U. S. S. R ........................... . I 131
JAFFE, L., Director, Communication and Navigation Programs Division,
Office of Space Science and Applications, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Washington, D. C., U. S. A .......................... . II 830
JALU, R., Direction de la Meteorologie Nationale Franliaise, Bureau d'Etudes
Spatiales, Paris, France ........................................... . I 255
JOHNSON, C. M., Manager, Advanced Techniques Communications Systems
Department, Federal Systems Division, International Business Machines
Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland, U. S. A ............................ . II 916
JOHNSON, W. G., Chief, Physics and Astrophysics Branch, Research Projects
Division, Marshall Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Huntsville, Alabama, U. S. A ........................ . I 182
KIEFER, J. W., Aerodynamics Engineer, System Technology Division,
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri, U. S. A .......... . II 483
KrESLING, J. D., Astro-Electronics Division, Radio Corporation of America,
Princeton, New Jersey, U. S. A ..................................... . II 856
KORMAN, N. 1., Director, Advanced Military Systems, David Sarnoff Research
Center, Radio Corporation of America, Princeton, New Jersey, U. S. A .... II 996
KOVACH, R. L., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, U. S. A ..........C • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I 1
LAMBRECHT, H., Universitäts-Sternwarte, Jena, Germany ............... . I 59
LANZANO, P., North American Aviation, Inc., Space and Information Systems
Division, Downey, California, U. S. A ............................... . I 379
LASCODY, D. N., Senior Scientist, Astrodynamics Research Center, Lockheed-
California Company, Los Angeles, California, U. S. A ................. . II 571
LEVIN, B. J., O. J. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, U. S. S. R.
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U. S. S. R ........................... . I 11
