AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DISCUSSION PAPER 09 dd ee zz riri oo hh utut AA e e rr uu ss oo clcl REDUCING DISEASE RISK ss DiDi c c blibli IN AQUACULTURE uu PP WORLD BANK REPORT NUMBER 88257-GLB dd ee zz riri oo hh utut AA e e rr uu ss oo clcl ss DiDi c c blibli uu PP dd ee zz riri oo hh utut AA e e rr uu ss oo clcl ss DiDi c c blibli uu PP dd ee zz riri oo hh utut AA e e rr uu ss oo clcl ss DiDi c c blibli uu PP JUNE 2014 AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DISCUSSION PAPER 09 REDUCING DISEASE RISK IN AQUACULTURE WORLD BANK REPORT NUMBER 88257-GLB International Coalition of Fisheries Associations International Coalition of Fisheries Associations International Coalition of Fisheries Associations International Coalition of Fisheries Associations © 2014 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Email: [email protected] All rights reserved This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. 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CONTENTS iii CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �vii Acknowledgments� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xi Executive Summary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �xiii Chapter 1 Introduction� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1 1.1 The Study � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1 Chapter 2 Case Study I: The Infectious Salmon Anemia Outbreak in Chile � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 9 2.1 Origin and Evolution of the Salmon Farming Industry in Chile� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 10 2.2 The Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) Crisis� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 14 2.3 Measures Taken in Response to the ISA Crisis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 19 2.4 The Recovery and Outlook for the Future � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �24 2.5 Sustainability of the New Chilean Salmon Industry� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �29 Chapter 3 Case Study II: The Shrimp Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome Outbreak in Vietnam � � � � � �33 3.1 Background � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �34 3.2 Description of EMS/AHPNS � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 37 3.3 The EMS/AHPNS Crisis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �38 3.4 Discovering the Cause � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �40 3.5 Measures Taken in Response to the EMS/AHPNS Crisis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 41 3.6 Recovery and Planning for Improved Biosecurity � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �43 3.7 Summary and Conclusions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �44 Chapter 4 Case Study III: Shrimp White Spot Syndrome Virus Outbreak in Mozambique and Madagascar � � � � �47 4.1 White Spot Disease� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �48 4.2 The Shrimp Farming Industry on the Mozambique Channel� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �50 4.3 The Madagascar Shrimp Farming Industry� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �53 4.4 The WSD Outbreak on the Mozambique Channel � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �56 4.5 Management of WSSV Outbreaks Worldwide � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 59 4.6 Farm-Level Strategies for Controlling WSSV � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �60 AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DISCUSSION PAPER 09 iv CONTENTS 4.7 Hatchery-Level Strategies for Controlling WSSV � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �64 4.8 Status of Farm-Level Implementation of Biosecurity Plans � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �68 4.9 National Responses to the Mozambique Channel WSSV Crisis� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �70 4.10 Response of the Madagascar Government � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �72 4.11 Subregional Shrimp Aquaculture Biosecurity Plan for the Mozambique Channel � � � � � � � � � � � � �73 4.12 Conclusions � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �80 4.13 Recommendations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �82 Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �87 References� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �93 BOXES Box 2.1: Mandatory Reporting � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �20 Box 2.2: A Summary of the Immediate Measures Taken by the Government (2007–2008) � � � � � � � � � � � � �21 Box 2.3: Biosecurity and Sanitary Regulations Adopted by the Chilean Authorities � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �21 Box 2.4: Essential Changes with Long-Term Effect � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �22 Box 4.1: Results of an Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) to the Successful Management of Aquatic Animal Health (AAH) in the Mozambique Channel � � � � � � � � � �75 Box 4.2: Mozambique Subregional Aquatic Animal Health Program Components, Elements, and Activities � � � �76 FIGURES Figure 2.1: Total Reported Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Aquaculture Production in 2005 � � � � � � � � � � � �10 Figure 2.2: Evolution Phases of the Chilean Salmon Industry � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �10 Figure 2.3: Volume (a) and Export Value (b) of the Chilean Salmonid Aquaculture Industry (2001–11) � � � � � � �11 Figure 2.4: D istribution of Seawater Salmon Grow-out Farms in Chile (Regions X and XI) Comparing 2006–07 (Pre-ISAV) versus 2009–10 (Post-ISAV) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �11 Figure 2.5: Evolution of Aquaculture Regulations in Chile Relative to Export Volume� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �12 Figure 2.6: Timeline of Salmon Disease Occurrence, Production, and Egg Imports in Chile � � � � � � � � � � � �13 Figure 2.7: Production and Sea Lice (Caligus) Infestation Immediately Prior to the ISA Outbreak � � � � � � � � �15 Figure 2.8: Poor Management and Decline of Productive Ratios pre-ISA� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �16 Figure 2.9: N umber of Operating Atlantic Salmon Farms, ISA Positive Farms, and ISA Prevalence from July 2007 to November 2010 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �18 Figure 2.10: Evolution of Salmonid Production in Chile and Projections for the Recovery � � � � � � � � � � � � �25 Figure 2.11: Average Sea Lice Load per Fish (a), ISA Confirmed Sites per Quarter (b) , and Monthly Mortality for the 3 Salmonid Species (c) over the Course of the ISA Outbreak and Recovery.� � � � � � � � � � �25 REDUCING DISEASE RISK IN AQUACULTURE CONTENTS v Figure 2.12: A ccumulated Growth Rates for Atlantic Salmon Groups Harvested in 2008–10, Expressed as SGR and GF3 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �26 Figure 2.13: Productivity in Terms of Kilograms Harvested per Smolt Stocked (a) and Average Harvest Weight (b) of Atlantic Salmon, Pre- and Post-ISA Crisis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �26 Figure 2.14: A tlantic Salmon Smolt Transfer into Seawater per Month (a) and Number of Fish in Seawater (b), Pre- and Post-Crisis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �27 Figure 2.15: U nemployment Rates in the Capitals of the Xth Region (Puerto Montt) and XIth Region (Puerto Aysén) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �28 Figure 2.16: Economic Activity Index Reflecting the ISA Impact on Regions X and XI in 2010� � � � � � � � � � � �29 Figure 3.1: Principal Shrimp Growing Areas in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �34 Figure 3.2: Extensive and Semi-intensive Shrimp Farming in Southern Vietnam. Extensive Farms Rely on Water Exchange with the Irrigation System to Maintain Water Quality, but Permitting the Entry and Exit of Diseases. The Use of Aeration Permits Intensive Farmers to Increase Stocking Densities While Isolating the Ponds from the Adjacent Canals � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �35 Figure 3.3: V ietnamese Ponds Often Use the Same Canals for Intake and Discharge of Water. This Facilitates the Transmission of Disease among Farms � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �35 Figure 3.4: Healthy and EMS-Infected Shrimp. In Healthy Shrimp Note the Full Stomach, Full Mid-Gut, and Large, Dark Hepatopancreas. In the EMS Shrimp, Not Empty Gut and Stomach, and Shriveled, Pale Hepatopancreas � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �38 Figure 3.5: Impact of EMS on Global Shrimp Aquaculture Output. China and SE Asia Are the Hardest Hit, but Recent Reports of an Outbreak in Mexico Could Adjust Downward Production from the Americas � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �40 Figure 4.1: Effect of Hyperthermia on WSD in L. vannamei � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �50 Figure 4.2: Major Shrimp Farming Installations along the Mozambique Channel� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �51 Figure 4.3: Mozambique Shrimp Aquaculture Production, 2004–12 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �52 Figure 4.4: Madagascar Shrimp Aquaculture Production, 2004–12 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �54 Figure 4.5: Annual Temperature and Salinity Variation for a Madagascar Shrimp Farm. Shaded Area Is the Time Period When Water Temperatures Are Less Than 27°C � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �60 Figure 4.6: Indoor Nursery Raceway System for Head-Starting PLs � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �61 Figure 4.7: Crab Fencing � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �63 Figure 4.8: Bird Netting� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �64 Figure 4.9: Steps to SPF Stock Development as Developed by the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program� � � � � �65 Figure 4.10: S urvival by Family in a WSSV Challenge Study of Genetic Lines Selected for Resistance to WSSV by a Panamanian Shrimp Company � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �66 Figure 4.11: Broodstock Quarantine System at the Aquapesca Nacala Hatchery � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �68 Figure 5.1: E ssential Macro and Micro Components Extracted from the Handling of the ISA Chilean Case for a Safer and Long-Term Industry � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �89 AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DISCUSSION PAPER 09 vi CONTENTS TABLES Table 4.1: E stimated Cost of Adding 5 hp/ha of Paddlewheel Aeration for a 400-ha Shrimp Farm. The Cost Includes the Installation of Generators and Power Lines to Each Pond� � � � � � � � � � � � �61 Table 4.2: E stimated Cost for Installing a Microscreen Drum Filtration System with Filtration Capacity of 6 m3/sec� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �62 Table 4.3: Breeding Center Cost Per 1,000 PLs as a Function of the Number of PLs Produced Per Year from the Breeders and the Breeding Center Annual Budget� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �66 Table 4.4: Salient Features of Three Different Biosecurity Improvement Strategies Compared with a Typical Farm with No Biosecurity Improvement Strategy � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �66 Table 4.5: Investment Analysis of Three Different Strategies for Improving Farm Biosecurity � � � � � � � � � � �67 Table 4.6 : Summary of Mozambique Channel Subregional strategy for Aquatic Biosecurity Showing Responsibility for Implementation (National or Subregional), Time Frame for Implementation (Short, Medium, or Long), and Priority Level (Low, Medium, or High)� � � � � � � �78 REDUCING DISEASE RISK IN AQUACULTURE ACRONyMS AND ABBREVIATIONS vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAH Aquatic Animal Health ABIF Banks and Financial Institution Association (Chile) ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ACOTRUCH Asociación de Productores de Salmón Coho y Trucha (Trout and Coho Salmon Producers Association; Chile) AFD Agence Française de Developpement (French Development Agency) AGD Amoebic Gill Disease AHPNS Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome APCM Associação de Produtores de Camarão de Moçambique (Mozambique Association of Shrimp Producers) ASEM Asia Europe Meeting (of the European Union) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASH Autorité Sanitaire Halieutique (Aquatic Animal Health Authority, Madagascar) AQUAVETPLAN Australian Aquatic Veterinary Emergency Plan AVC Atlantic Veterinary College (University of Prince Edward Island) B-cells Blasenzellen (secretory) cells contain digestive enzymes released in the hepatopancreas during digestion. BAP Best Aquaculture Practices BMPs Better Management Practices CB-UEM Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (Center for Biotechnology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique) CORFO National Promotion and Innovation Agency DAFF Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry DAH Department of Animal Health (Vietnam) DGR Daily Growth Rate DOF Directorate of Fisheries E-cells Embryonalzellen (embryonic) cells produce hepatopancreas tubule epithelial cells by mitosis. EMS Early Mortality Syndrome F-cells Fibrillenzellen (fibrous) cells are precursors of either B or R cells. AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DISCUSSION PAPER 09 viii ACRONyMS AND ABBREVIATIONS FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GAA Global Aquaculture Alliance GAP Good Aquaculture Practices GAPCM Groupement des Aquaculteurs et Pêcheurs de Crevettes de Madagascar (Madagascar Shrimp Producer’s Association) GAV Gill-Associated Virus GLFA General Law on Fisheries and Aquaculture (Chile) HCMC Ho Chi Minh City HH High Health HP Hepatopancreas HPR(0-2) Highly Polymorphic Region (0-2) HPV Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus IHHN/V Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoetic Necrosis/Virus IIP Instituto Nacional de Investigação Pesqueira (National Fisheries Research Institute of Mozambique) - Mozambique IMN/V Infectious Myonecrosis Disease/Virus INAQUA Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Aquacultura (National Institute of Aquaculture Development) - Mozambique INIP Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado (Mozambique National Intitute for Fish Inspection) INTESAL Instituto Tecnológico Del Salmón (Salmon Technology Institute, Chile) IPN Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis IPNV Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ISA/V Infectious Salmon Anemia/Virus LES Laboratoire de Epidémio Surveillance (Laboratory for Epidemiological Surveillance) Antananarivo, Madagascar LGA Oso Farming – Les Gambas de l’Ankarana , Madagascar MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Vietnam) MBV Monodon Baculovirus MPRH Ministere de la Peche et des Ressources Halieutiques (Madagascar Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources) MRC Mekong River Commission MTSFA My Thanh Shrimp Farmers Association (Vietnam) NACA Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia and the Pacific NGO Non-Governmental Organization OIE Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale, formerly the Organisation Internationale des Epizooties (World Organization for Animal Health) REDUCING DISEASE RISK IN AQUACULTURE
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