Table Of ContentWind Energy Engineering
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Wind Energy
Engineering
A Handbook for Onshore
and Offshore Wind Turbines
Edited by
Trevor M. Letcher
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Contents
ListofContributors xvii
Preface xix
Part I
Introduction
1. Why Wind Energy?
TrevorM.Letcher
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 ClimateChange 3
1.3 Background 5
1.4 AdvantagesofWindEnergy 8
1.5 ChallengesFacingtheWindTurbineIndustry 10
1.6 ThePotentialofWindEnergyWorldwide 13
References 13
Part II
Wind Resource and Wind Energy Worldwide
2. Wind Power Fundamentals
AlexanderKalmikov
2.1 WindPhysicsBasics:WhatIsWindandHowWindIs
Generated 17
2.2 WindTypes:BriefOverviewofWindPowerMeteorology 18
2.3 FundamentalEquationofWindPower:KineticEnergy
FluxandWindPowerDensity 19
2.4 WindPowerCapture:EfficiencyinExtractingWind
Power 21
2.5 Conclusion 23
References 23
v
vi Contents
3. Estimation of Wind Energy Potential and Prediction
of Wind Power
JingShiandErginErdem
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 PrinciplesforSuccessfulDevelopmentforaWindAssessment
Program 26
3.3 MainAspectsofaWindAssessmentProgram 28
3.4 EstimatingWindPowerBasedonWindSpeedMeasurements 33
3.5 WindResourceEstimationProject:ScopeandMethods 34
3.6 FurtherConsiderationsforWindSpeedAssessment 38
3.7 WindSpeedandPowerForecasting 39
3.8 Conclusions 44
References 44
4. Global Potential for Wind-Generated Electricity
XiLuandMichaelB.McElroy
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Methodology 54
4.3 Results 58
4.3.1 GlobalPerspective 58
4.3.2 USPerspective 61
4.3.3 ChinaPerspective 65
4.4 ConcludingRemarks 68
Acknowledgments 71
References 71
5. The Future of Wind Energy Development in China
Pei-yangGuo,Dan-yangZhu,JacquelineLam,andVictorO.K.Li
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 WindEnergyDevelopmentinChina 76
5.2.1 Overview 76
5.2.2 ElectricityMarketandWindEnergyMarketinChina 76
5.3 WindEnergyDevelopmentinChina:BarriersandDrivers 80
5.3.1 BarrierstoWindEnergyDevelopmentinChina 81
5.3.2 DriversofWindEnergyDevelopmentinChina 86
5.4 TheFutureofWindEnergyDevelopmentinChina 89
5.4.1 DistributedGenerationDeploymentandProactive
TransmissionPlanning 89
5.4.2 OffshoreWindPowerPlanning 89
5.4.3 SmartGrid 90
5.4.4 Merit-Order-BasedDispatch 90
5.4.5 PricingImprovement 91
Contents vii
5.5 Conclusion 91
Acknowledgment 92
References 92
6. Wind Power in the German System—Research and
Development for the Transition Toward a Sustainable
Energy Future
MatthiasLuther,KurtRohrig,andWilhelmWinter
6.1 IntegrationofRenewablesinGermanyandEurope 95
6.2 OnshoreandOffshoreWindDevelopment 99
6.3 NetworkOperationandGridDevelopment 102
6.3.1 InnovativeMethodstoPlanandOperatethePower
System 105
6.3.2 TheSystemOperationNetworkCodes 108
6.3.3 TheMarket-RelatedNetworkCodes 108
6.3.4 TheConnection-RelatedNetworkCodes 109
6.4 FurtherResearchandDevelopmentforWindPower
Integration 110
6.4.1 NewControlConceptsforPE-DominatedPowerSystems 111
6.4.2 WindPowerForecasts 112
6.4.3 WindFarmClusters 114
6.4.4 VirtualPowerPlants 117
6.4.5 SectorCouplingConcepts 118
6.4.6 EuropeanWindIntegrationProjectsandStudies 119
6.5 Summary 121
References 122
Part III
Wind Turbine Technology
7. History of Harnessing Wind Power
MagdiRagheb
7.1 Introduction 127
7.2 WindMachinesinAntiquity 129
7.3 IslamicCivilizationWindmills 130
7.4 MedievalEuropeanWindmills 132
7.5 AegeanandMediterraneanWindmills 133
7.6 DutchandEuropeanWindmills 135
7.7 TheAmericanWindmill 138
7.8 HistoricalDevelopments 139
7.9 WindmillsApplications 141
7.10 Discussion 141
References 142
viii Contents
8. Wind Turbine Technologies
AncaD.Hansen
8.1 Introduction 145
8.2 OverviewofWindTurbineComponents 145
8.2.1 AerodynamicRotor 146
8.2.2 TransmissionSystem 146
8.2.3 Generator 147
8.2.4 PowerElectronicInterface 151
8.2.5 ControlSystemandWindTurbineControlCapabilities 152
8.3 ContemporaryWindTurbineTechnologies 155
8.3.1 Fixed-SpeedWindTurbines(Type1) 155
8.3.2 LimitedVariable-SpeedWindTurbines(Type2) 156
8.3.3 Variable-SpeedWindTurbinesWithPartial-Scale
PowerConverter(Type3) 157
8.3.4 Variable-SpeedWindTurbinesWithFull-Scale
PowerConverter(Type4) 158
8.4 Conclusions 159
References 159
9. Aerodynamics and Design of Horizontal-Axis
Wind Turbines
MartinO.L.Hansen
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 AShortDescriptiononHowaWindTurbineWorks 162
9.3 1DMomentumEquations 163
9.4 BladeElementMomentumMethod 167
9.4.1 TheBladeElementMomentumMethod 172
9.5 UseofSteadyBladeElementMomentumMethod 172
9.6 AerodynamicBladeDesign 178
9.7 UnsteadyLoadsandFatigue 181
9.8 BriefDescriptionofDesignProcess 183
References 183
10. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines: Farm and Turbine
Design
RobertWhittlesey
10.1 VerticalAxisWindTurbinesHistory 185
10.2 VerticalAxisWindFarms 186
10.2.1 InitialResearchonVAWTFarms 186
10.2.2 PowerDensity 187
10.3 DesignGuidelines 188
10.3.1 PowerCoefficient 189
Contents ix
10.3.2 LiftVersusDrag-BasedVAWT 189
10.3.3 Starting 193
10.3.4 BladeAirfoilChoice 194
10.3.5 Blade-TipVortices 197
10.3.6 BladeReynoldsNumber 198
10.3.7 TurbineMass 198
10.3.8 TurbineDiameter 198
10.3.9 NumberofBlades 199
10.3.10 Struts 199
10.4 Summary 200
References 200
11. Multielement Airfoils for Wind Turbines
AdamM.RaghebandMichaelS.Selig
11.1 Introduction 203
11.2 TransportationBenefits 204
11.3 StructuralBenefits 205
11.4 MultielementWindTurbineBlades 206
11.5 OtherMultielementWindTurbineResearch 215
11.6 Discussion 216
Acknowledgments 217
References 218
12. Civil Engineering Aspects of a Wind Farm
and Wind Turbine Structures
SubhamoyBhattacharya
12.1 EnergyChallenge 221
12.2 WindFarmandFukushimaNucleardisaster 221
12.2.1 CaseStudy:PerformanceofNearShore
WindFarmDuring2012TohokuEarthquake 221
12.3 WindFarmSiteSelection 224
12.3.1 CaseStudies:BurboWindFarm
(seeFig.12.6forlocation) 226
12.3.2 ASIDEontheEconomics 227
12.4 GeneralArrangementofaWindFarm 228
12.5 ChoiceofFoundationsforaSite 228
12.6 FoundationTypes 228
12.6.1 Gravity-BasedFoundationSystem 233
12.6.2 SuctionBucketsorCaissons 233
12.6.3 PileFoundations 234
12.6.4 SeabedFrameorJacketSupportingSupported
onPileorCaissons 235
12.6.5 FloatingTurbineSystem 237
