What Every Engineer Should Know about the Organic Rankine Cycle and Waste Energy Recovery

329 Pages·2022·21.282 MB·English

by  Ali H. Tarrad

What Every Engineer
Should Know about
the Organic Rankine
Cycle and Waste
Energy Recovery

What Every Engineer
Should Know about
the Organic Rankine
Cycle and Waste
Energy Recovery
By
Ali H. Tarrad
What Every Engineer Should Know about the Organic Rankine Cycle
and Waste Energy Recovery

By Ali H. Tarrad

This book first published 2022

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Copyright © 2022 by Ali H. Tarrad

All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
the prior permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN (10): 1-5275-8672-3
ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-8672-7
This book is dedicated to my wife Layla for her
kindness, devotion, and endless support.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Symbols........................................................................................ xiii
List of Tables ........................................................................................... xix
List of Figures......................................................................................... xxii
Acknowledgments ............................................................................... xxviii
Preface .................................................................................................. xxix
Chapter One ................................................................................................ 1
Introduction
1.1 Background ..................................................................................... 1
1.2 Source Temperature ........................................................................ 4
1.3 Cycle Category ............................................................................... 8
1.4 Working Fluid Characteristic .......................................................... 9
1.4.1 Pure Fluids ........................................................................... 10
1.4.2 Fluid Mixture ........................................................................ 12
1.5 Equipment Size and Fluid Selection ............................................. 13
1.6 Conclusion .................................................................................... 14
References ........................................................................................... 15

Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 22
Simple Organic Rankine Cycle (SORC)
2.1 Background ................................................................................... 22
2.2 Cycle Layout ................................................................................. 23
2.3 Cycle Analysis .............................................................................. 25
2.3.1 Evaporator ............................................................................ 25
2.3.2 Expander .............................................................................. 27
2.3.3 Condenser ............................................................................. 27
2.3.4 Pumping system ................................................................... 28
2.3.5 Net Thermal Efficiency ........................................................ 29
2.4 Case Study ................................................................................... 29
2.4.1 Operating Conditions and Fluids .......................................... 29
2.4.2 Consumed Energy Assessment............................................. 30
viii Table of Contents

2.4.3 Performance Comparison Basis ............................................ 31
2.4.4 Results and Discussion ......................................................... 31
2.4.4.1 Energy Extraction ........................................................ 31
2.4.4.2 Net Power Output ........................................................ 32
2.4.5 Cycle Net Thermal Efficiency .............................................. 34
2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 35
References ........................................................................................... 35

Chapter Three ........................................................................................... 38
Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (RORC)
3.1 Background ................................................................................... 38
3.2 Cycle Analysis .............................................................................. 42
3.2.1 Evaporator ............................................................................ 42
3.2.2 Expander .............................................................................. 42
3.2.3 Condenser ............................................................................. 43
3.2.4 Pumping System ................................................................... 43
3.2.5 Recuperator .......................................................................... 43
3.2.6 Net thermal Efficiency .......................................................... 45
3.3 Case Study .................................................................................... 45
3.3.1 Operating Conditions ........................................................... 46
3.3.2 Results and Discussion ......................................................... 48
3.3.2.1 Extracted Waste Energy............................................... 48
3.3.2.2 Net Power Output ........................................................ 50
3.3.2.3 Net Cycle Thermal Efficiency ..................................... 51
3.4 Conclusion .................................................................................... 53
References ........................................................................................... 54

Chapter Four ............................................................................................. 56
Organic Rankine Cycle with Extraction
4.1 Background ................................................................................... 56
4.1.1 Bleeding Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (BRORC) .. 56
4.1.2 Bleeding Organic Rankine Cycle (BORC) ........................... 58
4.2 Thermal Analysis .......................................................................... 60
4.2.1 Open Feed-Heater Analysis .................................................. 60
4.2.2 Principal Components .......................................................... 61
4.3 Case study ..................................................................................... 63
4.4 Results and Discussion ................................................................. 64
4.4.1 Cycle Thermal Performance ................................................. 65
4.4.2 Load Effect Distribution ....................................................... 69
4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 70
References ........................................................................................... 71
What Every Engineer Should Know about the Organic Rankine Cycle ix
and Waste Energy Recovery
Chapter Five ............................................................................................. 73
Dual-Loop Organic Rankine Cycles
5.1 Background ................................................................................... 73
5.2 Types of Dual Loop ORC ............................................................. 74
5.3 Conclusion .................................................................................... 83
References ........................................................................................... 84

Chapter Six ............................................................................................... 87
Compound Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle
6.1 Background ................................................................................... 87
6.2 Cycle Architecture ........................................................................ 90
6.2.1 CRORC with Economizer Condenser (CRORCE) ............... 90
6.2.2 Compound Bleeding Regenerative ORC (CBRORC) .......... 91
6.3. Thermal Analysis ......................................................................... 92
6.3.1 CBRORC Architecture ......................................................... 92
6.3.2 CRORCE Architecture ......................................................... 97
6.4 Case Studies .................................................................................. 98
6.4.1 CRORCE Case Study No. 1 ................................................. 98
6.4.1.1 Working Fluids Operating Conditions ......................... 98
6.4.1.2 Results of Case Study No. 1-CRORCE ..................... 102
6.4.2 CRORCE Case Study No. 2 ............................................... 104
6.4.2.1 Fluids and Operating Conditions ............................... 104
6.4.2.2 Results of Case Study No. 2-CRORCE ..................... 105
6.4.3 CBRORC Case Study ......................................................... 108
6.4.3.1 Fluid Operating Conditions ....................................... 108
6.4.3.2 Results and Discussion- CBRORC ............................ 109
6.4.3.3 Comparison of CRORCE Case no. 3 ......................... 111
6.5 Conclusion .................................................................................. 113
References ......................................................................................... 114

Chapter Seven ......................................................................................... 116
Dual Loop with Single Evaporator
7.1 Background ................................................................................. 116
7.2 TORC layout ............................................................................... 121
7.3 TRORC layout ............................................................................ 123
7.4 IORC layout ................................................................................ 124
7.5 Methodology ............................................................................... 126
7.6 Thermal Analysis ........................................................................ 127
7.6.1 Mathematical Representation ............................................. 127
7.6.2 Open Feed-Heater .............................................................. 131
7.6.3 Regenerator ........................................................................ 131