Visualizing Chemistry: The Progress and Promise of Advanced Chemical Imaging US, Committee on Revealing Chemistry through Advanced Chemical Imaging; Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council

222 Pages·18.819 MB·English

VISUALIZING
C H E M I S TRY
The Progress and Promise of Advanced Chemical Imaging
Committee on Revealing Chemistry through Advanced Chemical Imaging
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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tute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen
for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the U.S. Army under Grant W911NF-05-1-0089, the U.S.
Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-04-ER15624, the U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services under Grant N01-OD-2139 TO 151, and the National Science Foun-
dation under Grant CHE-0439071.
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that provided support for the project.
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COMMITTEE ON REVEALING CHEMISTRY THROUGH
ADVANCED CHEMICAL IMAGING
Chairperson
NANCY B. JACKSON, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
Members
PIERRE CHAURAND, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
JULIA E. FULGHUM, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
RIGOBERTO HERNANDEZ, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
DANIEL A. HIGGINS, Kansas State University, Manhattan
ROBERT HWANG, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM
KATRIN KNEIPP, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, MA
ALAN P. KORETSKY, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,
Bethesda, MD
CAROLYN A. LARABELL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
STEPHAN J. STRANICK, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, MD
WATT W. WEBB, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
PAUL S. WEISS, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
NEAL WOODBURY, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe
XIAOLIANG SUNNEY XIE, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
EDWARD S. YEUNG, Iowa State University, Ames
National Research Council Staff
KAREN LAI, Research Associate (until December 2005)
TINA M. MASCIANGIOLI, Program Officer
ERICKA M. MCGOWAN, Research Associate
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Officer (until July 2005)
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Project Assistant
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
v
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Chairpersons
A. WELFORD CASTLEMAN, JR. (NAS), Pennsylvania State University,
University Park
ELSA REICHMANIS (NAE), Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ
Members
PAUL T. ANASTAS, Green Chemistry Institute, Washington, DC
DENISE M. BARNES, Independent consultant, Snellville, GA
MARK E. DAVIS (NAE), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
MILES P. DRAKE, Air Products & Chemical Company, Allentown, PA
CATHERINE C. FENSELAU, University of Maryland, College Park
GEORGE W. FLYNN (NAS), Columbia University, New York, NY
MAURICIO FUTRAN (NAE), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ
ROBERT HWANG, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM
JAY V. IHLENFELD, 3M Research & Development, St. Paul, MN
JAMES L. KINSEY (NAS), Rice University, Houston, TX
MARTHA A. KREBS, California Energy Commission, Sacramento
WILLIAM A. LESTER, JR., University of California, Berkeley
GREGORY O. NELSON, Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN
GERALD POJE, Private consultant, Vienna, VA
DONALD PROSNITZ, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
MATTHEW V. TIRRELL (NAE), University of California, Santa Barbara
National Research Council Staff
TINA M. MASCIANGIOLI, Program Officer
ERICKA M. MCGOWAN, Research Associate
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Project Assistant
FEDERICO SAN MARTINI, Program Officer
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
vi
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures
approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The
purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments
that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible
and to ensure that it meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and
responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript
remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to
thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Dr. Adam Hitchcock, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Dr. James L. Kinsey, Rice University, Houston, TX
Dr. Anders Nilsson, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Dr. Lukas Novotny, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
Dr. Ralph Nuzzo, University of Illinois, Urbana
Dr. George C. Schatz, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
Dr. James W. Serum, SciTek Ventures, West Chester, PA
Dr. Jerilyn Timlin, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM
Dr. Zhong Lin Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
Dr. Warren S. Warren, Duke University, Durham, NC
Dr. Christine Wehlburg, MITRE Corportation, McLean, VA
Dr. Ralph Weissleder, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
Dr. Daniel P. Weitekamp, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Dr. Gwyn Williams, Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF REVIEWERS
Dr. Nicholas Winograd, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Dr. Wai Tak Yip, University of Oklahoma, Norman
Dr. Ahmed H. Zewail, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com-
ments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the report before its
release. The review was overseen by Dr. Stephen R. Leone, University of
California, Berkeley appointed by the Division on Earth and Life Studies, who
was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report
was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review
comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this
report rests entirely with the authors and the institution.
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1. INTRODUCTION 13
What Is Chemical Imaging?, 14
Chemical Imaging and Fundamental Challenges, 15
Chemical Imaging—Why Now?, 18
Focus of This Report, 18
Conclusion, 20
2 UTILIZING CHEMICAL IMAGING TO ADDRESS SCIENTIFIC
AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES: CASE STUDIES 21
A Grand Challenge for Chemical Imaging, 21
Understanding and Controlling Complex Chemical Processes, 22
Imaging Techniques, 25
Case Studies, 27
Conclusion, 56
3 IMAGING TECHNIQUES: STATE OF THE ART AND
FUTURE POTENTIAL 59
Optical Imaging and Magnetic Resonance, 59
Electron, X-Ray, Ion, and Neutron Spectroscopy, 94
Proximal Probes, 114
Image Processing, 136
ix
x CONTENTS
4 COMMITTEE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 179
A Grand Challenge for Chemical Imaging, 180
Areas of Imaging Research, 181
Institutional Change, 196
Conclusion, 197
APPENDIXES
A Statement of Task 199
B Committee Member Biographies 200
C Guest Panelists 207
D Acronyms and Abbreviations 208