Vascular Morphogenesis: In Vivo, In Vitro, In Mente

270 Pages·1996·15.138 MB·English

by  Charles D. Little (auth.), Charles D. Little, Vladimir Mironov, E. Helene Sage (eds.)

Cardiovascular Molecular Morphogenesis
Series Editor
Roger R. Markwald
Medical University of South Carolina
Editorial Advisory Board
Paul Barton Charles Little
National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical University of South Carolina
London, United Kingdom
John Lough
Clayton Buck Medical College of Wisconsin
University of Pennsylvania
Takashi Mikawa
Marfa V. de la Cruz Cornell Medical College
Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Mexico
Jeffrey Robbins
Mark Fishman Children's Hospital Medical Center,
Massachusetts General Hospital Cincinnati
Adriana Gittenberger-de Groot Thomas Rosenquist
University of Leiden, The Netherlands University of Nebraska Medical School
Julie Korenberg Ray Runyan
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of Arizona
Los Angeles
Robert Schwartz
Wmt H. Lamers Baylor College of Medicine
University of Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
Kersti Linask
University of Medicine and Dentistry
of New Jersey
Books in the Series
vascular Morphogenesis: in vivo, in vitro, in mente 0-8176-3920-9
C. D. Little, V. A. Mironov and E. H. Sage, editors
Living Morphogenesis of the Heart 0-8176-4037-1
M. V. de la Cruz and R. R. Markwald
Vascular Morphogenesis:
In Vivo, In Vitro, In Mente
Charles D. Little, Vladimir Mironov and E. Helene Sage
Editors
Birkhauser
Boston • Basel • Berlin
Editors:
Charles D. Little Vladimir Mironov
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy
Medical University of South Carolina Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC 29425-2204 Charleston, SC 29425-2204
E. Helene Sage
Department of Biological Structures
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA 98195-7420
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Vascular morphogenesis: in vivo, in vitro, in mente / Charles D.
Little, Vladimir Mironov, E. Helene Sage, editors.
p. cm. - (Molecular biology of cardiovascular development)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8678-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-4156-0
DOl: 10.107/978-1-4612-4156-0
1. Blood-vessels-Growth. 2. Blood-vessels---Differentiation.
I. Little, Charles D., 1946- . II. Mironov, Vladimir, 1954-- .
III. Sage, E. Helene, 1946- . IV. Series.
[DNLM: I. Blood Vessels--embryology. 2. Cardiovascular System-
embryology.]
QPIOl.V326 1998
573. 1'8---dc2 I
Shared Cataloging for DNLM
Library of Congress 98-37689
CIP
Copyright is not claimed for works of U.S. Government employees.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit
ted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
prior permission of the copyright owner.
Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use of specific clients is granted by Birkhiiuser Boston for
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of $6.00 per copy, plus $0.20 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
U.S.A. Special requests should be addressed directly to Birkhiiuser Boston, 675 Massachusetts Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8678-3
Typeset by Braun-Brumfield, Inc.
987 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Contributors Vll
Series Preface
Roger R. Markwald IX
Foreword
Judah Folkman XI
PART I: VASCULAR MORPHOGENESIS IN VIVO
Introduction: Understanding Blood Vessel Assembly in the Embyro
by Charles D. Little
1.1 The Morphogenesis of Primordial Vascular Networks
C.J. Drake and C.D. Little 3
1.2 Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis: Analogous Mechanisms and
Homologous Growth Factors
1. Wilting, H. Kurz, S. J. Oh, B. Christ 21
1.3 Ontogeny of the Endothelial Network Analyzed in the Avian Model
F. Dieterlen-Lievre and L. Pardanaud 35
1.4 Methodology for the Study of Vascular Morphogenesis In Vivo
M.C. DeRuiter, R.E. Poelmann, andA.C. Gittenberger-de Groot 51
1.5 Growth Factors in Vascular Morphogenesis: Insights from Gene
Knockout Studies in Mice
C. Suri and G.D. Yancopoulos 65
PART II: VASCULAR MORPHOGENESIS IN VITRO
Introduction: Regulation of Vascular Morphogenesis
by E. Helene Sage 73
2.1 Three-Dimensional In Vitro Assay of Endothelial Cell Invasion
and Capillary Tube Morphogenesis
R. Montesano and M.S. Pepper 79
vi Contents
2.2 The Rat Aorta Model of Angiogenesis and Its Applications
R.F. Nicosia III
2.3 In Vitro Coculture Models to Study Vessel Formation and Function
K.K. Hirschi and P.A. D' Amore 131
PART III: VASCULAR MORPHOGENESIS IN MENTE
Introduction: Toward the Theoretical Biology of Vascular Morphogenesis
by Vladimir A. Mironov 141
3.1 Models for the Formation ofNetlike Structures
H. Meinhardt 147
3.2 A Mechanical Theory ofIn Vitro Vascular Network Formation
J.D. Murray, D. Manoussaki, S.R. Lubkin, and R. Vernon 173
3.3 Blood Vessel Growth: Mathematical Analysis and Computer Simulation,
Fractality, and Optimality
H. Kurz, K. Sandau, I. Wilting, and B. Christ 189
3.4 Mathematical Modeling of Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis
M.A.J. Chaplain and M.E. Orme 205
3.5 Is the Fractal Nature ofIntraorgan Spatial Flow Distributions Based
on Vascular Network Growth or on Local Metabolic Needs?
I.B. Bassingthwaighte, D.A. Beard, Z. Li, and T. Yipintsoi 241
Index 261
List of Contributors
James B. Bassingthwaighte, Department of Bioengineering, Harris Hydraulics, Room 310,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7962
DanielA. Beard, Department of Chemistry, Mail Code 5183, New York University, 31
Washington Place, Rm 1021, New York, NY 10003
Mark A.1. Chaplain, Department of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD 1 4HN,
Scotland, UK.
Bodo Christ, Anatomisches Institut, Abteilung Anatomie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, GERMANY
Patricia D'Amore, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Laboratory for Surgical
Research, 1050 Enders Building, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
Marco C. DeRuiter, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University, PO Box 9602
2300 RC Leiden, The NETHERLANDS
Fran90ise Dieterlen-Lievre, Institute d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire UMRC 9924,
College de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 49 bis avenue de la Belle
Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex-FRANCE
Christopher 1. Drake, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South
Carolina, 161 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden
University, PO Box 9602, 2300 RC Leiden, The NETHERLANDS
Karen K. Hirschi, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100
Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030
Haymo Kurz, Anatomisches Institut, Abteilung Anatomie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, GERMANY
Zheng Li, Center for Biomedical Engineering, WD-12, Harris Hydraulics Lab, Room 310,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
Charles D. Little, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South
Carolina, 161 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
Sharon R. Lubkin, Biomathematics Program, Box 8203, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NC 27695-8203
viii Contributors
Daphne Manoussaki, NIH, NIDCD-LCB, Building 9, Room lE116, Bethesda, MD 20892
Hans Meinhardt, Max-Planck-Institut fiir Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076
Tubingen, GERMANY
Vladimir A. Mironov, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South
Carolina, 161 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
Roberto Montesano, Universite de Geneve, Departement de Morphologie, Faculte de
Medecine, CMU, rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1211 Geneve 4, SWITZERLAND
James D. Murray, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Box
352420, Seattle, WA 98195-2420
Roberto F Nicosia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Allegheny University
of the Health Sciences, New College Building, Mail Stop #435, Broad & Vine, Philadelphia, PA
19102-1192
Su-Ja Oh, Department of Anatomy, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Michelle E. Orne, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Luc Pardanaud, Institute d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire UMRC 9924, College de
France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 49 bis avenue de la Belle Gabrielle,
94736 Nogent-sur-Mame Cedex-FRANCE
Michael S. Pepper, Universite de Geneve, Departement de Morphologie, Faculte de Medecine,
CMU, rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1211 Geneve 4, SWITZERLAND
Robert E. Poelmann, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University, PO Box
9602, 2300 RC Leiden, The NETHERLANDS
E. Helen Sage, Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Box 357420,
Seattle, WA 98195-1524
Konrad Sandau, Fachbereich Mathematik & Naturwissenschaften der Fachhochschule
Darmstadt, Schoefl'erstr 3, Darmstadt, GERMANY
Chitra Suri, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY
10591-6707
Robert Vernon, Department of Biological Structure, Health Sciences, University of Washington
School of Medicine, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195-7420
Jorg Wilting, Anatomisches Institut, Abteilung Anatomie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universitiit
Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, GERMANY
George D. Yancopoulos, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road,
Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707
Tada Yipintsoi, Faculty of Medicine, Prince ofSongkla University, Hat-yai, Songkla 90112,
Thailand
Series Preface
The overall scope of this new series will be to evolve an understanding of the genetic basis
of (1) how early mesoderm commits to cells of a heart lineage that progressively and irreversibly
assemble into a segmented, primary heart tube that can be remodeled into a four-chambered
organ, and (2) how blood vessels are derived and assembled both in the heart and in the body. Our
central aim is to establish a four-dimensional, spatiotemporal foundation for the heart and blood
vessels that can be genetically dissected for function and mechanism.
Since Robert DeHaan's seminal chapter "Morphogenesis of the Vertebrate Heart" pub
lished in Organogenesis (Holt Reinhart & Winston, NY) in 1965, there have been surprisingly few
books devoted to the subject of cardiovascular morphogenesis, despite the enormous growth of
interest that occurred nationally and internationally. Most writings on the subject have been schol
arly compilations of the proceedings of major national or international symposia or multiauthored
volumes, often without a specific theme. What is missing are the unifying concepts that can make
sense out of a burgeoning database of facts. The Editorial Board of this new series believes the time
has come for a book series dedicated to cardiovascular morphogenesis that will serve not only as
an important archival and didactic reference source for those who have recently come into the field
but also as a guide to the evolution of a field that is clearly coming of age. The advances in heart
and vessel morphogenesis are not only serving to reveal general basic mechanisms of embryoge
nesis but are also now influencing clinical thinking in pediatric and adult cardiology.
Undoubtedly, the Human Genome Project and other genetic approaches will continue to
reveal new genes or groups of genes that may be involved in heart development. A central goal of
this series will be to extend the identification of these and other genes into their functional role at
the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. The major issues in morphogenesis highlighted in the
series will be the local (heart or vessel) regulation of cell growth and death, cell adhesion and
migration, and gene expression responsible for the cardiovascular cellular phenotypes.
Specific topics will include the following:
• The roles of extracardiac populations of cells in heart development.
• Coronary angiogenesis.
• Vasculogenesis.
• Breaking symmetry, laterality genes, and patterning.
• Formation and integration of the conduction cell phenotypes.
• Growth factors and inductive interactions in cardiogenesis and vasculogenesis.
• Morphogenetic role of the extracellular matrix.
• Genetic regulation of heart development.
• Application of developmental principles to cardiovascular tissue engineering.
R.R. Markwald
Medical University of South Carolina
Foreword
Judah Folkman, M.D.
In the past three decades there has emerged a new field of vascular biology. It has evolved
by hard won new knowledge contributed by dedicated researchers in many parts of the world.
These are a most collegial group of scientists. It is not uncommon that advances in this field are
greeted in competing laboratories with the same enthusiasm as in the laboratory that originally
reported the findings.
Anyone who has worked long enough in this field has been witness to its steady progress.
While in the 1960s, endothelium was considered to be simply a passive container for the blood,
it is now known by the cytokines and mitogens it releases to be an active participant in inflam
mation, coagulation and repair. When the field of vascular biology was young its literature was
mainly descriptive; the physiology of capillary flow and permeability was its quantitative fron
tier. Today, new regulatory proteins, new genes, and new methods are reported by the month in a
multiplicity of journals representing many disciplines. Thirty years ago we had almost no idea of
how arteries and veins form in the embryo, to say nothing of the development of whole vascular
networks of tubes and branches. Today, however, the molecular cross-talk between endothelial
cells and smooth muscle cells is being rapidly elucidated so that the formation of a vascular tube
can be understood in terms of the proteins and their receptors which dictate its shape and its
dimensions. Thirty years ago, tumor vessels were assumed to be simple dilated host vessels, i.e.,
a by-product of necrotic tumor cells. The idea that tumors recruited new vessels and depended on
them for progressive growth was unpalatable. Today, it is widely accepted that tumors are angio
genesis-dependent; angiogenesis itself has become a major target of tumor therapy. A new field
of angiogenesis research has branched from vascular biology. In fact, the various phenotypes of
cancer, including tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, progression, tumor dormancy, and tumor
cell apoptosis, are not autonomous, but are understood to be under the tight control of the
microvascular endothelial cell. Progress in angiogenesis research itself is rapid, from the discov
ery of the molecular mediation of hypoxic induction of neovascularization to the beginning link
age of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to the angiogenic phenotype in cancer.
But, it was not until 1973 that it even became possible to passage endothelial cells in vitro.
Because human umbilical vein endothelial cells were the first to be cultured, it became conven
tional wisdom that all endothelial cells were similar to these cells and to each other. This idea
quickly faded in 1978 when it was shown that capillary endothelial cells had more fastidious
requirements in cell culture than did umbilical vein endothelial cells. Today the heterogeneity of
microvascular endothelium has been found to be so extensive that Auerbach (Auerbach 1991) can