Valorization of Microalgal Biomass and Wastewater Treatment

390 Pages·2022·7.51 MB·English

by  Suhaib A. Bandh, Fayaz A. Malla

VALORIZATION OF MICROALGAL
BIOMASS AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
This pageintentionallyleftblank
VALORIZATION
OF MICROALGAL
BIOMASS AND
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
Edited by
S A. B
UHAIB ANDH
AssistantProfessor,EnvironmentalScience,HigherEducationDepartment,GovernmentofJammuandKashmir,
Srinagar,India
F A. M
AYAZ ALLA
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,Govt.DegreeCollegeTral,JammuandKashmir,India
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Contents
List of contributors xi 2.4 Conclusion 29
About the editors xv AppendixA 30
References 30
1. Scientometric analysis of microalgae
3. Metabolic engineering of algal strains
wastewater treatment 1
for enhancing wastewater treatment 33
IngridFernandaSilvanoPachecoCorreaFurtado,
MarinaWustVasconcelos,RhaiannyMalucelliStahlschmidt, IrtezaQayoom,AashiaAltaf,SuhailBashirandZahidBashir
AlessandraCristineNovakSydney,Ne´diadeCastilhosGhisiand
EduardoBittencourtSydney 3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Geneticmodificationofalgaetoenhance
1.1 Introduction 1 wastewatertreatment 34
1.2 Methodology 2 3.2.1 Geneticengineeringtools 34
1.3 Resultsanddiscussion 4 3.2.2 Transformationtechnologiesand
1.3.1 Analysisabouttheevolutionofscientific selectablemarkers 35
productionconcerningmicroalgaluseto 3.2.3 Genomeediting 35
treatwastewater 4 3.3 Geneticengineeringinalgaeforenhanced
1.3.2 Analysisofthegeographicdistribution nutrientremoval 36
andcontributionofstudiesabout 3.4 Selectionofmarkergenes 37
microalgalusetotreatwastewater 5 3.5 Reporterandpromotergenes 38
1.3.3 Analysisofthe10mainsourcesof 3.6 Limitationsinthefieldofgenetically
publications,journals,andresearch engineeredalgae 39
fields 9 3.7 Futureprospective 39
1.3.4 Keywordanalysisfocusingontheuseof 3.8 Conclusions 40
microalgaeforwastewatertreatment 12 References 40
1.4 Conclusion 17
References 18
4. Lab-scale to commercial-scale
2. Scientometric analysis of consortium- cultivation of microalgae 43
based wastewater treatment 21
AnanyaRoyChowdhuryandAchintyaDas
AlinedeC.C.Pena,LucianeF.TrierweilerandMarilizGutterres
4.1 Introduction 43
2.1 Introduction 21 4.2 Cultivationofmicroalgaeonalab-scale 44
2.2 Materialsandmethods 22 4.2.1 Nineteenth-centuryalgalculturing 44
2.3 Results 22 4.2.2 Twentieth-centuryalgalculturing 44
2.3.1 Documents 22 4.3 Commercial-scaleproductionsystems 45
2.3.2 Publishingauthors 23 4.3.1 Opencultivationsystem 45
2.3.3 Publishingcountries 23 4.3.2 Closedcultivationsystem 46
2.3.4 Publishinginstitutions 25 4.4 Commercialmicroalgaeandprocesses 46
2.3.5 Publishingyear 26 4.5 Challengesinscalingup 47
2.3.6 Publishingjournals 27 4.6 Commercial-scaleoutdoorculture 47
2.3.7 Citationanalysis 27 4.7 Strainselection 47
v
vi
Contents
4.8 Contaminantsanddiseases 48 6.3 Microalgaeashumanfood 86
4.9 Onlineanddailymonitoring 48 6.4 Parametersinfluencingtheproductionof
4.10 Regulationsandstandards 48 biomass 88
References 49 6.5 Processing 92
6.6 Cultivation 93
5. Valorization of microalgal biomass for 6.6.1 Batch 93
biofuels 53 6.6.2 Fed-batch 93
6.6.3 Continuous 94
EleniKoutra,DimitrisP.Zagklis,KonstantinaTsigkou,
6.7 Cultivationsystems 94
SamehSamirAliandMichaelKornaros
6.7.1 Opensystem 94
5.1 Introduction 53 6.7.2 Closedsystems 95
5.2 Microalgae-basedbiofuels 54 6.8 Needforpretreatment 98
5.2.1 Biodiesel 54 6.9 Pretreatment 98
5.2.2 Biogas 55 6.9.1 Drying 98
5.2.3 Biohydrogen 57 6.9.2 Mechanicalcelldisruption 99
5.2.4 Bioethanol 59 6.9.3 Nonmechanical/chemicalcell
5.2.5 Biobutanol 59 disruption 100
5.2.6 Biocrudeoil 59 6.10 Harvesting/dewateringtechniques 101
5.3 Downstreamprocessingforbiofuels 6.10.1 Flocculation 101
production 60 6.10.2 Gravitysedimentation 102
5.3.1 Harvesting 61 6.10.3 Filtration 102
5.3.2 Drying 61 6.10.4 Evaporation/drying 102
5.3.3 Celldisruption 62 6.11 Extraction 103
5.3.4 Extraction 62 6.11.1 Proteinextraction 103
5.4 Lifecycleanalysisandtechno-economicaspects 6.11.2 Proteinpurification 105
ofmicroalgalbiofuels 63 6.11.3 Carbohydrateextraction 106
5.4.1 Techno-economicanalysisof 6.11.4 Lipidextraction 107
biodieselproductionfrom 6.12 Conclusions 108
microalgae 66 6.13 Futureperspective 109
5.4.2 Lifecycleanalysisofbiodiesel References 109
productionfrommicroalgae 67
5.5 Challengesandprospectsforcost-effective 7. Valorization of microalgal biomass
biofuels 73 for fertilizers and nanoparticles 113
5.6 Conclusions 73
UmarinJomnonkhaow,SureewanSittijundaand
References 73
AlissaraReungsang
Furtherreading 78
7.1 Introduction 113
6. Valorization of microalgal biomass for 7.2 Biofertilizerfrommicroalgalbiomass 115
food 81 7.2.1 Algalbiofertilizerinfluencesoil
properties 118
Ala’aH.Al-Muhtaseb,FarrukhJamil,AsmaSarwerand
7.2.2 Impactonenzymeactivityandnutrient
SuhaibAl-Maawali
availability 119
6.1 Introduction 81 7.2.3 Nutrientimprovementthrough
6.2 Productsderivedfrommicroalgae 83 nitrogenfixation,carbonassimilation,
6.2.1 Proteins 84 phosphorussolubilization,andplant
6.2.2 Pigments 84 growth-promotinghormone
6.2.3 Carbohydrates 85 production 120
6.2.4 Lipids 86 7.3 Nanoparticlesfrommicroalgalbiomass 123
vii
Contents
7.3.1 Biosynthesisofnanoparticlesusing 8.6 Conclusions 166
microalgae 123 References 167
7.3.2 Typeofnanoparticlesynthesizedby
microalgae 126 9. Life cycle assessment of microalgal
7.3.3 Applicationsofnanoparticlesfrom biomass for valorization 179
microalgalbiomass 128
MariaLu´ciaCalijuri,IaraBarbosaMagalha˜es,JessicaFerreira,
7.4 Challengesandperspective 129
JackelinedeSiqueiraCastroandBiancaBarrosMarangon
Acknowledgments 130
References 130 9.1 Microalgae-basedbiorefineryanddifferent
routes 179
9.2 Lifecycleassessmentasastrategictoolfor
8. Life cycle assessment of
environmentalfeasibilityanalysis 180
wastewater treatment by 9.3 Lifecycleassessmentinthecontextof
microalgae 137 microalgaebiorefinery 182
9.3.1 Route1—thermochemicalprocesses:
ChristyB.K.SangmaandRokozenoChalie-u
hydrothermalcarbonizationand
8.1 Background 137 hydrothermalliquefaction 182
8.2 Wastewater:composition,environmental 9.3.2 Route2—transesterification 184
impacts,andphasesofwastewater 9.3.3 Biologicalconversionsofbiomass:
treatment 139 anaerobicdigestionand
8.2.1 Composition 139 fermentation 186
8.2.2 Environmentalimpacts 139 9.3.4 Route4—biofertilizer 188
8.2.3 Phasesofwastewatertreatment 143 9.4 Uncertaintyandsensitivityanalysis 191
8.2.4 Nanofiltration 145 9.5 Challengesandopportunitiesinthelight
8.2.5 Ultrafiltration 145 oflifecycleassessment 191
8.2.6 Reverseosmosis 145 References 192
8.2.7 Biosorption 146
8.2.8 Hydrogels 146 10. Biorefinery and bioremediation
8.3 Algalfeaturesandtheirpotentialityin potential of microalgae 197
wastewatertreatment 147
EleniKoutra,SamehSamirAli,MyrsiniSakarikaand
8.3.1 Macroversusmicroalgae 147
MichaelKornaros
8.3.2 Potentialofmicroalgaeinwastewater
treatmentandproductionofhigh-value 10.1 Introduction 197
products 147 10.2 Microalgae-basedbiofuelsandgreenenergy
8.3.3 Factorsaffectingthemicroalgae production 199
growth 151 10.3 Microalgalfoodandfeedapplications 202
8.4 Lifecycleassessment 152 10.3.1 Nutritionalcompoundsofmicroalgae
8.4.1 Goalandscope 152 forfeedandfoodapplications 202
8.5 Lifecycleassessmentofwastewatertreatment 10.3.2 Healthbenefitsarisingfromthe
bymicroalgae 155 productionofmicroalgal
8.5.1 Goalandscope 159 products 203
8.5.2 Openpondsystem 161 10.3.3 Microalgaeasfeedingredientsresult
8.5.3 Gravitysedimentation 162 inincreasedanimalproduct
8.5.4 Flocculation 162 quality 204
8.5.5 Flotation 163 10.3.4 Parametersaffectingthecommercial
8.5.6 Centrifugation 163 successofmicroalgaeasfoodandfeed
8.5.7 Filtration 163 ingredients 204
8.5.8 Drying 164 10.4 Biofertilizers 205
viii
Contents
10.5 Pharmaceuticals,cosmetics,andmicroalgal 12.3.6 Otheragro-industrialwastesand
bioplastics 206 wastewaters 253
10.6 Bioremediationpotentialofmicroalgae 209 12.4 Conclusionsandfutureprospects 253
10.7 Conclusions 210 Acknowledgments 254
References 211 References 254
11. Recent developments and challenges: 13. Ecological and environmental
a prospectus of microalgal biomass services of microalgae 261
valorization 219
ArchitaSharmaandShailendraKumarArya
MariaLu´ciaCalijuri,PaulaAssemany,EduardoCouto,
13.1 Introduction 261
AdrianaPaulodeSousaOliveira,JulianaF.Lorentzand
Let´ıciaRodriguesdeAssis 13.2 Microalgae—amultifaceted
microorganism 263
11.1 Historicalperspectiveofmicroalgalbiomass 13.2.1 Thediverseapproachesof
utilization 219 cultivation 263
11.2 Wastewaterasculturemedium 221 13.3 Ecologicalservicesofmicroalgae 265
11.3 Mainvalorizationroutesofwastewater-grown 13.3.1 Microalgae-derivedhumanhealth
microalgalbiomass:recentdevelopments 222 supplements 265
11.3.1 Animalfood 222 13.3.2 Microalgaeasafeedingredientfor
11.3.2 Energyroutes 224 livestockfeedingredient 267
11.3.3 Fertilizers 227 13.3.3 Microalgal-basedimmunomodulatory
11.3.4 Othervalorizationroutes 228 properties 269
11.4 Challengesandopportunitiesforwastewater- 13.3.4 Microalgae-derivedantioxidant
grownmicroalgalbiomassvalorization 230 properties 276
References 231 13.3.5 Microalgae-derivedcosmetic
products 281
12. Nonconventional treatments of 13.4 Environmentalservicesofmicroalgae 284
agro-industrial wastes and wastewaters 13.4.1 Microalgae:atoolforwastewater
by heterotrophic/mixotrophic treatment 284
13.4.2 Microalgaefordegradationof
cultivations of microalgae and
plastics 287
Cyanobacteria 239
13.4.3 Microalgaeforcarbondioxide
RihabHachicha,FatmaElleuch,HajerBenHlima,PascalDubessay, sequestration 290
HelenedeBaynast,CedricDelattre,GuillaumePierre, 13.4.4 Microalgaeforproducing
RidhaHachicha,SlimAbdelkafi,ImenFendriand
biofuels 293
PhilippeMichaud
13.5 Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 298
12.1 Introduction 239 References 298
12.2 Heterotrophicandmixotrophiccultureof
microalgaeandCyanobacteriaversus 14. Valorization of microalgae for biogas
autotrophy 241 methane enhancement 317
12.3 Heterotrophic/mixotrophiccultivationsof
FayazA.Malla,NazirAhmadSofi,NavinduGuptaand
microalgaeandCyanobacteriainagro-
SuhaibA.Bandh
industrialwastesandwastewaters 247
12.3.1 Porkwastesandwastewaters 248 14.1 Introduction 317
12.3.2 Poultrywastesandwastewaters 249 14.2 Microalgae-mediatedbiogasmethane
12.3.3 Cattlewastesandwastewater 250 enrichment 320
12.3.4 Dairywastesandwastewaters 251 14.3 Factorsaffectingbiogasupgradingandlipid
12.3.5 Oliveoilmillwastesand production 322
wastewaters 252 14.3.1 Biogascomposition 322
ix
Contents
14.3.2 Gasflowrate 322 15.6.1 Theproductioncostofalgalbiomass
14.3.3 LightEnergy 323 feedstock 347
14.3.4 Concentrationandsourceof 15.6.2 Theproductioncostofcrudealgal
nutrients 324 oil 347
14.4 Biogasmethaneenrichmentwithwastewater 15.6.3 Theproductioncostofbiofuelsfrom
treatment 326 algalbiomassfeedstock 347
14.5 Economicsinbiogasenrichment 326 15.7 Engineperformanceandemission
14.6 Conclusions 328 characteristicsusingalgalbiofuel 348
References 328 15.8 Globalalgalbiofuelactivities 348
15.9 Challengesandfutureperspectiveofbiofuel
productionfromalgalbiomass 349
15. Aquatic microalgal biofuel
15.9.1 Cultivationandharvesting 349
production 333
15.9.2 Microalgaecompositional
FayazA.MallaandSuhaibA.Bandh characteristics 349
15.9.3 Pretreatmentforfractionation 349
15.1 Introduction 333 15.9.4 Conversiontechnologyandintegrated
15.2 Factorsaffectingthemicroalgaegrowth biorefineryapproach 350
rate 333 References 350
15.2.1 Environmentalfactors 334
15.2.2 Processingparameters 335 16. Algal cultivation in the pursuit of
15.3 Feedstockharvesting 336
emerging technology for sustainable
15.3.1 Sedimentation/centrifugation/
development 357
flocculation 337
15.3.2 Fungi-assistedsedimentation 337 AchintyaDasandAnanyaRoyChowdhury
15.3.3 Flotation 338
16.1 Introduction 357
15.4 Algaebiofuelsandconversionprocess 338
15.4.1 Thermochemicalconversion 339 16.2 InternetofThingsappliedinmicroalgae
biorefinery 358
15.4.2 Biochemicalconversion 341
16.2.1 DeploymentsofInternetofThingsin
15.4.3 Chemicalreaction 342
15.5 Approachestoincreasealgalbiofuel microalgaecultivation 359
16.2.2 InternetofThingsappliedtothe
production 343
downstreamprocessing 360
15.5.1 Selectionofspeciesorstrain 343
15.5.2 Explorationofgrowthconditionsand 16.2.3 Robotizedmicroalgaecells 360
16.3 Machinelearninginmicroalgaecultivation
nutrients 344
andharvesting 361
15.5.3 Advancementinharvesting
16.4 Artificialintelligenceinmicroalgaegenetic
technology 345
15.5.4 Metabolicengineering 346 engineering 362
16.5 Conclusions 363
15.5.5 Biorefineryapproach 346
References 363
15.6 Economicprospectsofmicroalgal
biofuels 346 Index 367