Table Of Content(cid:0) (cid:1) (cid:2) (cid:3) (cid:4) (cid:5) (cid:6) (cid:7) (cid:8) (cid:1) (cid:9) (cid:10) (cid:0) (cid:11) (cid:9) (cid:6) (cid:12) (cid:7)
(cid:13) (cid:14) (cid:15) (cid:16) (cid:17) (cid:18) (cid:15) (cid:19) (cid:20) (cid:21) (cid:22) (cid:23) (cid:14) (cid:24) (cid:25)
(cid:26) (cid:27) (cid:28) (cid:29) (cid:30) (cid:31) (cid:26) ! " # $ % & ’ ’ ’ (cid:29) (cid:30)
Stewart Watkiss
Copyright Message
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+ , - . - 2 2
3 4 5 6 7 5 6 8
CP QoRpSyTriUghV tW MR eX TssQ age ..................................................... 3
......................................................... 1
About this book ......................................................... 1
UNIX the Computers Operating System ............................... 1
More about UNIX ........................................................ 2
SF oG wH HhIyJ iKs AL IXH M dNifH fGerOent .................................................. 3
.................................................... 4
Logging Directly into a local machine ................................. 5
Logging in via the network ............................................. 7
Exiting from UNIX ....................................................... 9
Important Points for new users ....................................... 10
Shells ................................................................... 10
The Shell Prompt ......................................................... 12
Command Basics ...................................................... 13
Format of Commands ..................................................... 14
Getting Help .............................................................. 14
Finding Files and Commands (find) .................................. 19
A few useful commands ............................................... 19
Clear ..................................................................... 19
9 : ; < = > ? @ A : B < C D E B : < =
Echo ..................................................................... 19
........................................... 20
Relative Directories .................................................... 22
Special Directories ..................................................... 22
Moving about the directories (cd) ..................................... 23
Listing the contents of the directories ................................ 23
Referring to files within a directory ................................... 25
Lost + Found ........................................................... 25
Making a new directory (mkdir) ....................................... 25
Making a new file (touch) .............................................. 26
Removing a directory (rmdir / rm) .................................... 26
Removing a file (rm) ................................................... 27
Moving / Renaming a file or directory (mv) ........................... 27
Copying a file (cp) ...................................................... 27
Viewing the contents of a text file (cat) ............................... 28
Viewing the beginning / end of a text file (head / tail) ................ 28
Checking the type of file (file) ......................................... 29
Printing a file ........................................................... 29
File Structure (Inodes) ................................................. 29
File Permissions ....................................................... 30
Changing File Permissions (chmod) ....................................... 31
(cid:139) (cid:140) (cid:141) (cid:142) (cid:143) (cid:144) (cid:140) (cid:142) (cid:145) (cid:146) (cid:140) (cid:147) (cid:148) (cid:145) (cid:142) (cid:147) (cid:149)
Changing the file owner (chown) .......................................... 32
(cid:132) (cid:130) (cid:127) (cid:138) (cid:130)
............................................ 33
.................................................................. 34
Root ..................................................................... 34
Querying users on the running system ............................... 35
Looking at other users ................................................. 36
Changing the Password ............................................... 37
Sw wx itychz { U| se} r~ ((cid:127)su(cid:128)) .(cid:129)..(cid:130)..} ..(cid:129)..(cid:131) ..(cid:132)..(cid:133)...(cid:134) .(cid:135) ...(cid:136) ..(cid:129) ..(cid:128) ..(cid:128)...x..{..(cid:137) ..(cid:130) ..................... 37
................... 38
Using command switches ............................................. 38
The pipe command (|) .................................................. 39
Redirecting stdout, stdin and stderr (> <) ............................ 39
File Descriptor Table ................................................... 42
Viewing output one page at a time (more and pg) ................... 42
Extracting relevant lines (grep) ....................................... 43
Command Substitution (`backquote`) ................................ 43
Processing a list of files (xargs) ...................................... 44
Running Commands one after another (;) ............................ 44
Character Substitutions ............................................... 44
Wildcards ................................................................ 45
Inclusion Lists ............................................................ 45
Eg sch iapj ingk Sl pmeician l Co hpaq rarctlerk s (k Mes ttacu hv aracters) ...................... 45
............................... 46
Cutting columns from tables or field (cut) ........................... 46
Sorting files (sort) ...................................................... 47
Handling duplicate lines (uniq) ........................................ 48
YEqZ u[at\ in] g eZ x\ p^ re_ ‘ssa iobns‘ c(e_x\ pZ r‘) d ..e..‘..f.................................... 48
.................................. 49
Shell Variables ......................................................... 49
Shell Defaults ........................................................... 50
History .................................................................. 53
˝ ˛ ˇ — (cid:209) (cid:210) (cid:211) (cid:212) (cid:213) (cid:214) (cid:215) (cid:212) (cid:216) (cid:210) (cid:217) (cid:218) ˇ (cid:210) (cid:219) (cid:220)
...................................... 54
Editor Modes ........................................................... 54
Worked Example with VI ............................................... 55
Starting VI ................................................................ 55
Inserting a New Line ...................................................... 56
Moving Around the File ................................................... 56
Deleting Letters and Inserting a New Word ................................ 57
Save the Document ....................................................... 57
Replacing a Letter ........................................................ 57
Search and Replace ....................................................... 57
Save and Exit ............................................................. 58
˙ ¨ (cid:201) ˚ ¸ (cid:204) (cid:204) ¸ (cid:204)
Preferences ............................................................... 58
........................................................... 58
Daemons ................................................................ 60
Return Codes ........................................................... 60
Controlling Processes ................................................. 61
Prioritisation ............................................................ 61
F” u» rt…h‰ e(cid:190)r (cid:190)Jo(cid:190) b ¿ an(cid:192) d` ´Prˆ o˜ ¯ce` s˜s˘ C(cid:192) o¯ ntrol ..................................... 62
.......................................... 64
Symmetrical Multiprocessing (SMP) .................................. 65
Massively-Parallel Processors (MPP) ................................. 66
S† ¤P¶ Cfi o‚ m„ „p‚ ufi t“in§ g¤ .§ ..' ..– ..†.‡ .................................................. 66
............................................... 66
Step 1 - Booting into install mode .................................... 66
Classical RISC/6000 ....................................................... 67
PCI RISC/6000 ............................................................ 67
Step 2 - Defining the Console and Language ........................ 67
Step 3 - Installation and Maintenance ................................ 68
Step 4 Installation process ............................................ 69
Sƒ t§ep¤ 5' “ C« o‹ n› f“ig¤ u« rafi tflio(cid:176)n A– s†s‡ ist· an(cid:181) t¶ fi .(cid:176)..• .................................... 70
................................ 70
Using X Windows ......................................................... 71
Using a text terminal ...................................................... 72
Using SMIT ............................................................. 72
A worked Example ........................................................ 74
SMIT Logging ............................................................. 81
(cid:150) (cid:151) (cid:152) (cid:153) (cid:154) (cid:155) (cid:155) (cid:156) (cid:151) (cid:157) (cid:158) (cid:159) (cid:153) (cid:160) (cid:154) ¡ ¢ £ (cid:153) ⁄ (cid:154) (cid:160) ¥
SMIT options ............................................................. 81
.................................... 82
AIX Packages and Bundles ............................................ 83
Fileset naming ............................................................ 83
Bundles .................................................................. 84
Sharing Software Components ....................................... 84
Software Updates ...................................................... 85
Obtaining Fixes (FixDist) .................................................. 85
Applying Fixes and Updates .............................................. 88
Installing Software, Upgrades and Fixes ................................... 89
(cid:231) Ł Ø Œ Ł º (cid:236) (cid:237) (cid:238) (cid:239) (cid:240) º Ł æ (cid:242) æ Œ (cid:237) Ł
Viewing installed software ................................................ 93
........................................ 93
Installing the Online Documentation ................................. 93
Vª i(cid:228)e(cid:224)w(cid:229) i(cid:230)n(cid:222)g (cid:228)t(cid:226)he Online Documentation ................................... 95
.............................................................. 96
Printing Process ....................................................... 97
Configuration of Print Queues ........................................ 97
Virtual Printers ......................................................... 99
Header and Trailer Files .................................................. 100
Printing ASCII Files on a Postscript Printer ............................... 101
Configuring a Non-supported Printer ..................................... 101
Printer Troubleshooting .............................................. 102
Remote Printing ....................................................... 102
Configuring a Client for Remote Printing .................................. 103
Configuring a Server for Remote Printing ................................. 106
Using the Remote Printer ................................................ 106
Configuring a Network Attached Printer .................................. 107
C(cid:221) o(cid:222) m(cid:223) m(cid:224) Æ o(cid:222)n (cid:226) Unix Printing System (CUPS) ............................. 107
............................................................. 107
Device Configuration Database ...................................... 109
Device States .......................................................... 111
Example commands to change between the states ........................ 112
Device Addressing .................................................... 113
None-SCSI Devices ...................................................... 113
SCSI Devices ............................................................ 113
PCI Location Codes ...................................................... 114
Configuration for PCI / ISA devices .................................. 114
PCI Devices .............................................................. 114
ISA Devices .............................................................. 115
Obtaining Hardware Configuration .................................. 115
Serial Devices ......................................................... 116
Adding a Terminal ....................................................... 117
Terminal Settings (termcap & terminfo) ................................... 119
Screen Control (tput) ..................................................... 122
Input / Output Maps ...................................................... 123
Setting I/O Options for a Terminal (stty) .................................. 123
TTY Problems ........................................................... 124
Keyboard Mapping for Xstation ...................................... 125
(cid:253) (cid:254) (cid:255) (cid:254)
Keyboard Mapping for LFT ............................................... 125
(cid:0) (cid:1) (cid:2) (cid:3) (cid:4) (cid:5) (cid:5) (cid:2) (cid:1) (cid:6) (cid:0) (cid:7) (cid:8) (cid:9) (cid:6) (cid:10) (cid:11) (cid:6) (cid:12) (cid:12) (cid:0) (cid:13) (cid:11)
......................... 126
Script Portability ...................................................... 127
S(cid:243) h(cid:244) ifı ti(cid:246)n(cid:247) gł Arg(cid:243) u(cid:246) mø eœ nß t(cid:252)s (cid:247)(shift) ............................................ 127
................................................. 128
Components of AIX System Storage ................................ 128
Volume Group (VG) ................................................... 128
Physical Volume (PV) ................................................. 128
Physical Partition (PP) ................................................ 129
Managing Volume Groups ............................................ 129
Volume Group Descriptor Area (VGDA) ................................... 129
Logical Volume (LV) .................................................. 130
File Systems ........................................................... 131
File Systems installed as standard ....................................... 131
Mounting File Systems ................................................... 133
Viewing File Systems .................................................... 135
Structure of a Journaled File System ..................................... 135
Journaled Log ........................................................... 136
Fragmentation ........................................................... 137
Variable Inodes .......................................................... 137
Compressed File Systems ............................................... 137
Large File Enabled File System ........................................... 137
The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) ................................. 138
Volume Groups ........................................................ 138
Mirroring ................................................................ 141
Striping .................................................................. 142
Managing Physical Volumes ......................................... 143
Adding Physical Volumes ................................................ 145
Moving the contents from one PV to another .............................. 145
Managing Logical Volumes ........................................... 146
Policies .................................................................. 149
Intra-physical Volume Allocation Policy ................................... 149
Inter-physical Volume Allocation Policy ................................... 150
Managing File Systems ............................................... 150
Space Management ...................................................... 152
Controlling Disk Usage (quotas) .......................................... 153
Defragmenting a File System ............................................. 155
Verify a File System ...................................................... 155
Paging Space .......................................................... 156
Managing Paging Space ................................................. 157
(cid:14) (cid:15) (cid:16) (cid:17) (cid:18) (cid:19) (cid:20) (cid:21) (cid:22) (cid:23)
........................................................ 158
Basic TCP/IP Networking ............................................. 158
OSI Model ............................................................... 159
More about TCP/IP .................................................... 161
IP Addressing Scheme ............................................... 162
Subnet Masks ........................................................... 164
Sockets ................................................................. 167
Other Addressing Protocols ......................................... 167
Domain Name System (DNS) ......................................... 168
Routing ................................................................ 171
Static Routing ........................................................... 172
ICMP Redirects .......................................................... 172
Dynamic Routing ........................................................ 173
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) ....................................... 174
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ......................................... 175
TCP/IP for AIX ......................................................... 176
Configuring TCP/IP ................................................... 176
Networking Software Packages .......................................... 176
Configuring the Adapters ................................................ 177
Setting up TCP/IP ........................................................ 178
Hostname and Address Translation ...................................... 179
Networking Commands .............................................. 180
netstat Command ........................................................ 180
ping Command .......................................................... 181
host Command .......................................................... 183
nslookup ................................................................ 183
tracerte Command ....................................................... 185
route Command .......................................................... 185
arp ...................................................................... 186
Tracing TCP/IP Flows .................................................... 187
Networking Programs ................................................ 189
telnet .................................................................... 189
ftp ....................................................................... 190
rexec .................................................................... 191
rcp / rsh / rlogin .......................................................... 191
finger .................................................................... 191
Mail ..................................................................... 191
NFS ..................................................................... 191
ssh / scp ................................................................. 191
News .................................................................... 191
WWW Browsers .......................................................... 192
Networking Services (Server Applications) ......................... 192
Allowing Multiple Logins ................................................. 193
Anonymous ftp .......................................................... 193
Configuring Domain Name Servers .................................. 194
Setting up a Primary Name Server ........................................ 194
Setting Up a Secondary Name Server ..................................... 198
Caching-Only Name Server ............................................... 200
Forwarder Name Server .................................................. 200
Setting Up a Client .................................................... 200
Delegated Servers ....................................................... 201
Network File System (NFS) ........................................... 202
What is NFS ............................................................. 202
NFS Daemons ........................................................... 204
Authorising NFS Access and Protecting Shared Files ..................... 204
Configuring the NFS Server .............................................. 205
Configuring the NFS Client ............................................... 206
Managing the NFS Daemons ............................................. 208
NFS Commands ......................................................... 209
Automounter .......................................................... 210
Indirect and Direct Map Files ............................................. 210
automount command .................................................... 211
Network Information Service (NIS) ................................... 212
NIS Control of /etc/passwd & /etc/group .................................. 212
NIS Systems ............................................................. 213
NIS Daemons ............................................................ 213
Configuring NIS Master Server ........................................... 215
Configuring a NIS Client .................................................. 216
Removing NIS ........................................................... 216
Serial Connections (Dial / WAN) ..................................... 216
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) ....................................... 216
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) ............................................ 217
TCP/IP Startup ......................................................... 220
Networking Autorisation Files ........................................ 221
$HOME/.netrc ............................................................ 221
/etc/ftpusers ............................................................. 222
/etc/hosts.equiv .......................................................... 222
$HOME/.rhosts ........................................................... 223
IP Version 6 (IPV6) .................................................... 223
Other Networking Protocols and Products .......................... 223
(cid:30) (cid:31) ! " # (cid:30) ! * ( ! + ,
.................................................. 224
Hardware Initialisation for a Classical RS/6000 ..................... 224
Hardware Initialisation for a PCI RS/6000 ........................... 225
Software Initialisation ................................................. 227
Initialisation - Phase 1 .................................................... 227
Initialisation - Phase 2 .................................................... 228
Initialisation - Phase 3 .................................................... 228
The inittab file ........................................................... 229
Startup Log (alog) ..................................................... 231
System Resource Controller ......................................... 231
Hardware Startup Problems ......................................... 232
Built in Self Test Problems (BIST) - LED 100 to 195 ....................... 233
Power On Self Test Problems (POST) - LED 200 to 299 .................... 233
Problem with Boot Logical Volume (BLV) - LED 201 ....................... 233
Problem Finding the Disk to Boot From - LED 223 ........................ 234
System Crash During Startup - Flashing LED 888 ......................... 234
PCI Power Up Problems .................................................. 234
Fixing a Corrupted BLV .................................................. 235
Service Request Numbers (SRN) ......................................... 236
Software Startup (IPL) Problems ..................................... 236
Root File System cannot be mounted - LED 557 ........................... 236
Corrupt /etc/inittab File - LED 553 ........................................ 237
Phase 3 IPL problems - LED 551, 552, 554, 555 or 556 ..................... 237
Not an AIX File System ................................................... 237
Problem reading ODM Files or running cfgmgr - LED 523 to 537 ........... 237
(cid:30) (cid:31) ! " # $ % & ’ ( ) % # " % !
........................................ 238
System Shutdown .................................................... 239
Date and Time ......................................................... 240
Changing the Language Environment ............................... 240
(cid:24) (cid:25) (cid:26) (cid:27) (cid:28) (cid:29)
............................................................. 240
Backup Strategy ....................................................... 241
Example Backup Strategy ................................................ 241
Backup Devices ......................................................... 242
Backup Command (backup, restore) ...................................... 243
Rootvg Backup (mksysb) ................................................ 245
Other VG Backups (savevg, restvg) ....................................... 247
Tape Archive (tar) ........................................................ 247
