Table Of ContentUniversal Access and Assistive Technology
Springer-Verlag London Ltd.
Simeon Keates, Patrick Langdon,
P. John Clarkson and Peter Robinson (Eds.)
Universal Access and
Assistive Technology
Proceedings of the Cambridge Workshop on UA and AT '02
With 126 Figures
'Springer
Simeon Keates, MA, PhD
Patrick Langdon, BSc, PhD
P. John Clarkson, MA, PhD, MIEE, CEng
University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Trumpington Street,
Cambridge, CB2 lPZ, UK
Peter Robinson, MA, PhD, FBCS, CEng
University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, William Gates Building,
JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 OFD, UK
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Universal access and assistive technology: proceedings of
the Cambridge Workshop on UA and AT '02
1.Self-help devices for the disabled 2.Physically
handicapped-Rehabilitation -Technological innovations
3.User interfaces (Computer systems)
!.Keates, Simeon
617' .03
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permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
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the publishers.
ISBN 978-1-4471-3721-4 ISBN 978-1-4471-3719-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-3719-1
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© Springer-Verlag London 2002
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Preface
The first Cambridge Workshop on Universal Access and Assistive Technology
(CWUAAT) was held at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in March 2002. It was inspired
by the earlier, highly successful Cambridge Workshops on Rehabilitation Robotics
organised by the late Robin Jackson. Robin was the founder of Rehabilitation
Research at Cambridge which now continues in the Engineering Design Centre
within the Department of Engineering, led by John Clarkson and Simeon Keates,
and in the Rainbow Group within the Computer Laboratory led by Peter Robinson.
CWUAAT represents the first in a new series of workshops that we are aiming
to hold every two years which, reflecting the spirit of recent moves to extend the
rights for universal accessibility, will encourage discussion of a broad range of
interests. There will be a general focus on product/solution development. Hence it
is intended that the principal requirements for the successful design of assistive
technology shall be addressed, where these range from the identification and
capture of the needs of the users, through to the development and evaluation of
truly usable and accessible systems for users with special needs.
The best submissions received for the first CWUAAT are contained in this
book, where the contributors are all leading researchers in the fields of Universal
Access and Assistive Technology and represent a large part of the international
research community. They include, though not exclusively, computer scientists,
designers, engineers, industrial representatives, ergonomists and sociologists.
Universal Access and Assistive Technology have increasingly important roles
to play in the future as the global population grows older and many more people
exhibit some degree of functional impairment. Hence, there is a need to encourage
wide-ranging discussion, co-operation and collaboration within and between the
Universal Access and Assistive Technology research communities. Thus one of the
principal aims ofthe first CWUAAT and this book is to promote such discussion.
VI Preface
The book begins with the keynote (Chapter 1) which provides an important
commercial perspective on the issues that follow. It is clearly argued that any
organisation can aspire to provide substantially better service and employment
prospects to the widest possible range of people.
Part I-Design Issues for Universal Access and Assistive Technology-focuses
on defining design exclusion (Chapter 2), design evaluation (Chapter 3),
approaches to user-centred design (Chapters 4, 5 and 7) and user assessment
(Chapter 6).
Part II - Enabling Computer Access and New Technologies - addresses novel
input systems (Chapters 8 and 9), access solutions to software and information
(Chapters 10 through 14) and the application of new technologies (Chapters 15
through 18).
Part III - Assistive Technology and Rehabilitation Robotics - looks at the
specification (Chapter 23) and design (Chapters 24 through 29) of Assistive
Technology and a number of examples of Rehabilitation Robotics (Chapters 19
through 22).
In summary, the book provides a snapshot of the best current thinking on
Universal Access and Assistive Technology, with 84 contributors from academic,
public and commercial institutions spread across four continents.
Finally, our thanks must go to all those who contributed to the success of
CWUAAT and to the compilation of this book. Many thanks are due to all the
contributors who, with the assistance of the Programme Committee, were
responsible for setting the high standards of reporting seen in this book. Particular
thanks are also due to Christa Croghan who, with the staff at Trinity Hall, so
enthusiastically helped to organise and host the workshop. Finally, our special
thanks go to Professor Joanne Coy for an inspiring and thought-provoking keynote
and to Consignia for sponsorship of the workshop and the production of this book.
John Clarkson and Simeon Keates
Cambridge Engineering Design Centre
University of Cambridge
March 2002
Contents
List of Contributors ............................................................................................ xi
Keynote
1. Commercial Perspectives on Universal Access and Assistive
Technology
J. Coy ............................................................................................................... 3
Part I Design Issues for Universal Access and Assistive
Technology
2. Defining Design Exclusion
S. Keates and P.J. Clarkson ........................................................................... 13
3. Quantifying Design Exclusion
P.J. Clarkson and S. Keates ........................................................................... 23
4. Countering Design Exclusion
S. Keates and P.J. Clarkson ........................................................................... 33
5. Inclusive Design - Developing Theory Through Practice
R.R. Gheerawo and C.S. Lebbon ................................................................... 43
6. A Systematic Basis for Developing Cognitive Assessment
Methods for Assistive Technology
R. Adams, P. Langdon and P.J. Clarkson ...................................................... 53
7. Control of Virtual Environments for People with Intellectual
Disabilities
P.J. Standen, T.L. Lannen and D.J. Brown .................................................... 63
viii Contents
Part II Enabling Computer Access and New Technologies
8. Why Are Eye Mice Unpopular?-A Detailed Comparison of
Head and Eye Controlled Assistive Technology Pointing
Devices
R. Bates and H.O. /stance .............................................................................. 75
9. Cursor Characterisation and Haptic Interfaces for Motion
impaired Users
F. Hwang, P. Langdon, S. Keates, P.J. Clarkson and P. Robinson ............... 87
10. Web-based Multimodal Graphs for Visually Impaired People
W: Yu, D. Reid and S. Brewster ...................................................................... 97
11. Automatically Rearranging Structured Data for Customised
Special-needs Presentations
S.S. Brown and P. Robinson ........................................................................ 109
12. Bridging the Education Divide
M Pieper, H. Morasch and G. Piela ........................................................... 119
13. Contextual On-line Help: A Contribution to the Implementation
of Universal Access
A. Capobianco and N. Carbonel/ ................................................................. 131
14. 3rd Age Interfaces: A Usability Evaluation of the 'Your Guide'
Kiosk Prototype from an Older User's Perspective
R.T.P. Young ................................................................................................ 141
15. Virtual Environments for the Training of the Visually Impaired
D. Tzovaras, G. Nikolakis, G. Fergadis, S. Malassiotis and M Stavrakis ... 151
16. User Involvement in the Design of a New Multimedia
Communication Service
N. Hine, J.L. Arnott, W: Beattie and P. Sergeant ......................................... 161
17. Issues Surrounding the User-centred Development of a New
Interactive Memory Aid
E. Inglis, A. Szymkowiak, P. Gregor, A.F. Newell, N. Hine, B.A. Wilson
andJ. Evans ................................................................................................. 171
18. Games Children with Autism Can Play With Robota, a
Humanoid Robotic Doll
K. Dautenhahn and A. Billard ..................................................................... 179
Contents ix
Part Ill Assistive Technology and Rehabilitation Robotics
19. Progress of a Modular Prosthetic Arm
A.S. Poulton, P.J. Kyberd and D. Gow ........................................................ 193
20. Development of a Novel Type Rehabilitation Robotic System
KARES II
Z. Bien, D-J. Kim, D. H. Stefanov, J-S. Han, H-S. Park and P-H. Chang .... 201
21. Improving the Flexibility of an Assistive Robot
MR. Hillman, NM Evans and R.D. Orpwood. ........................................... 213
22. Commercialising Assistive and Therapy Robotics
MS. Colello and R.M Mahoney .. , ........................................................· . ...... 223
23. Improved Assistive Technology Prescription via Usage Log
Analysis
C. Roast, P. O'Neill and M Hawley ............................................................ 235
24. Virtual Interface Development and Sensor-based Door
Navigation for Nonholonomic Vehicles
R.S. Rao, K. Conn, S.H. Jung, J. Katupitiya, T. Kientz, V. Kumar,
J. Ostrowski, S. Patel, C.J. Taylor ............................................................... 245
25. An Ergonomic One-handed Wheelchair
L.A. Porter and S. Lesley ............................................................................. 257
26. Gathering User Needs in the Development of the POWER-HAND
Opening Aid -A Successful Consumer Product for the Wider
Market
J. Smith, R. Huxley, M Topping, S. Alcock and P. Hawkins ....................... 267
27. Locomotion Assistance for the Blind
R. Farcy andY. Bellik .................................................................................. 277
28. 'Keep Taking the Medication': Assistive Technology for
Medication Regimes in Care Settings
S. Kember, K. Cheverst, K. Clarke, G. Dewsbury, T. Hemmings,
T. Rodden and M Rouncefield ..................................................................... 285
29. "I can't talk now" and Other Design Stories: Four Assistive
Technologies for People With and Without Disabilities
G. Pullin ....................................................................................................... 295
Index of Contributors ..................................................................................... 305
