Table Of ContentSPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENERGY
Michael Düren
Understanding
the Bigger Energy
Picture
DESERTEC and
Beyond
123
SpringerBriefs in Energy
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8903
ü
Michael D ren
Understanding the Bigger
Energy Picture
DESERTEC and Beyond
123
Michael Düren
II.Physics Institute
Justus LiebigUniversity Giessen
Giessen, Hesse
Germany
ISSN 2191-5520 ISSN 2191-5539 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inEnergy
ISBN978-3-319-57965-8 ISBN978-3-319-57966-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57966-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017938138
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017.Thisbookispublishedopenaccess.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adap-
tation,distributionandreproductioninanymediumorformat,aslongasyougiveappropriatecreditto
the originalauthor(s)and the source, providealink tothe CreativeCommonslicense andindicate if
changesweremade.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons
license,unlessindicatedotherwiseinacreditlinetothematerial.Ifmaterialisnotincludedinthebook’s
CreativeCommonslicenseandyourintendeduseisnotpermittedbystatutoryregulationorexceedsthe
permitteduse,youwillneedtoobtainpermissiondirectlyfromthecopyrightholder.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
To my family and the whole family of life on
earth
Preface
This book gives an overview of today’s energy problem in the context of a rising
world population, climate change and the shortage of resources. It figures out
systemic connections between energy, water and the carbon cycle of today’s
economyandsketchesa“natural”futureenergyscenariothatissustainable.Dueto
the complexity of the matter, this short book cannot be a complete compendium.
Theproposedsolutionsandno-goesaremeantasastimulusforfurtherdiscussion.
Giessen, Germany Michael Düren
vii
Acknowledgements
IwanttothankmydoctoraladviserProf.Dr.KlausSchultzewhointroducedmeto
the Working Group Energy in the German Physics Society. He died while he was
moderating a discussion about future energy concepts in 1999. The biannual
meetings of this working group formed the scientific basis of my knowledge of
energy technology. The lecture series Verantwortung für den Frieden
(Responsibility for Peace)1 (1983–1987) that I organized as a young student in a
workinggrouptogetherwithRangaYogeshwaropenedmyeyestothecomplexity
of social, economic, psychological and political issues, on the one hand, and the
impactofscienceandtechnologyontheotherhand.MyactivityintheSEPA(Solar
Energy Partnership with Africa)2 group based at ZEU (Center for international
Development and Environmental Research) atUniversity of Giessen gave menew
insights into the energy and water problems in Africa. Last but not least, my
activities in the DESERTEC foundation and the DESERTEC University Network
allowed me tothink about global solutionstothe energy problemandmy contacts
with Dii (DESERTEC industrial initiative) helped me to understand the economic
point of view.
Itisimpossibleformetomentionallthepeopleandsourcesthatwerethebasis
of this work. This interdisciplinary book project was for me like solving a jigsaw
puzzle.Anearlyinfinitenumberofpiecesofinformationfromvariousconferences
and discussions had to be translated into a physicist’s language, put together to a
commonpicture,andafterafewmissingpieceshavebeenreconstructed,thewhole
picturehadtobetranslatedbackintoanunderstandablelanguage.Anindispensable
tooloftoday’sresearchisGoogleandWikipedia,whicharerapidlygrowingtothe
most complete database and compendium of human knowledge. One should be
aware that the information in Wikipedia is not necessarily correct and sometimes
1M. Düren, R. Yogeshwar (Ed.), Vorlesungsreihe Verantwortung für den Frieden. Mit
HochschullehrernanderRWTHAachen,1984,ISBN-13:9783924007072ISBN-10:3924007071.
2M. Düren et al., Solar Energy Partnership with Africa: An Interdisciplinary Research Project,
SpiegelderForschung25(2008)Nr.2p.4—Englishversion;JLUGiessen;http://geb.uni-giessen.
de/geb/volltexte/2009/7192/.
ix
x Acknowledgements
biased, but this applies to a certain degree also to scientific books and to govern-
mental reports.
Finally,I must mention Dr. GerhardKnies, with whom I worked on a common
European-North African workshop together long before he invented the name
DESERTEC. He is an uncompromising thinker with visions that he follows with
great enthusiasm.
The main ideas in this book were presented already in conferences in
2014,3 20154 and 2016.5 I want to thank my colleagues Prof. Dr. Gerhard Luther,
Prof. Dr. Volker Metag, Prof. Dr. Christian-Dietrich Schönwiese and
Prof. Dr. Hartwig Spitzer for their help, support and contributions during the
preparation of this book.
Giessen, Germany Michael Düren
February 2017
3M. Düren, Energie, Wasser und Ernährung—untrennbare Kreisläufe einer nachhaltigen
Gesellschaft, Fachtreffen “Jobs für Afrika”, Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung,
Darmstadt,Germany,Oct.10,2014.
4M. Düren, DESERTEC and beyond—“Energiewende” world-wide? EST 2015—Energy,
Science,Technology,InternationalConferenceandExhibition;Karlsruhe,Germany,May20–22,
2015.
5M. Düren, DESERTEC and beyond—Options of a global energy transition, ECM6—The 6th
InternationalSymposiumonEnergyChallengesandMechanics—towardsabigpicture,Inverness,
Scotland,Aug14–18,2016.
Contents
1 Introduction.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3
2 The Nexus of Energy, Carbon and Water. .... .... .... ..... .... 5
2.1 The Challenge of the World Energy Supply.... .... ..... .... 5
2.2 Nuclear Energy. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 8
2.2.1 The Sun, Our Nuclear Reactor ... .... .... ..... .... 9
2.2.2 The Future of Our Planet Earth... .... .... ..... .... 10
2.3 The Era of Fossil Fuels ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 11
2.4 The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming ... .... ..... .... 12
2.4.1 Evil Twins: Global Warming and Ocean
Acidification ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 15
2.4.2 Evidence for a Self-amplified Global Climate
System. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 17
2.4.3 Tipping Points that May Screw up Our Future
on This Planet.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 19
2.5 How to Stop Climate Change?.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 20
2.5.1 Fossil Options.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 21
2.5.2 Transition to Renewable Energies. .... .... ..... .... 22
2.6 The Carbon Cycle in a Sustainable Future. .... .... ..... .... 23
2.7 Reversing Climate Change. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 25
2.7.1 Black Carbon Sequestration.. .... .... .... ..... .... 26
2.8 Water, the Elixir of Life... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 27
2.9 Fossil Water and Desertification. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 28
2.10 Technical Options of Fresh Water Supply . .... .... ..... .... 30
2.10.1 Water Collection and Storage .... .... .... ..... .... 30
2.10.2 Water Saving..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 30
2.10.3 Water Recycling .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 30
2.10.4 Water from Humidity .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 31
2.10.5 Seawater Desalination.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 31
xi
