Table Of ContentUnderstanding the Behavioral and
Medical Impact of Long COVID
Understanding the Behavioral and Medical Impact of Long COVID serves to expand
the research around the illness in order to enable health care researchers
and practitioners to address the questions that are imperative to individuals
suffering from this condition. Through its multi-faceted approach, the book
puts forth a maturation of research and interventions that are theoretically
sound, empirically valid, innovative, and creative in the Long COVID area.
As a scholarly and scientific compilation of Long COVID symptoms
and related disorders, this book offers unparalleled insight into the critical
developments across medical areas treating this illness. It helps to fill the space
that the pandemic created for knowledge of the condition, and contributes to
the emerging emphasis on translational research blending the social sciences and
biological fields. By putting forth the most optimal medical care practices in the
treatment of complex Long COVID symptoms, this practical anthology will
serve as a guide for practicing clinicians in assessment as well as treatment. It will
also benefit researchers aiming to gain more understanding of Long COVID
through its discussion of the critical developments in other medical areas treating
the condition, and paves the way for the collaboration and future research
needed to best support the global effort to mitigate the effects of this illness.
This book will be essential reading for academics, practitioners, and
researchers. It will appeal to individuals engaging with the fields of medicine,
public policy, psychology, and for researchers looking to gain clarity about our
current understanding of Long COVID. It will further be of interest to public/
government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and the general public wanting
to gain more information about these ambiguous and evasive symptoms.
Leonard A. Jason is currently a Professor of Psychology at DePaul University
and the Director of the Center for Community Research. He has served on the
editorial boards of ten psychological journals. He is part of the RECOVER
consortium, and the chairperson of the Diagnostic Testing and Test Algorithms
Subcommittee of the Commonalities with Other Post Viral Syndromes Task
Force. He is also the Subject Matter Expert on ME/CFS for the Illinois
RECOVER HUB program. The content is solely the responsibility of the
authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the RECOVER
Program, the NIH, or other funders.
Dr. Charles Lapp, MD, is an Internal Medicine Specialist in Charlotte, NC,
and has over 48 years of experience in the medical field with a particular
emphasis in ME/CFS. He founded and is the Director of the Hunter-
Hopkins Center.
“If you want a thoughtful, broad-based look at the emerging biomedical
condition of Long COVID, this is the volume to have! Edited by Leonard
Jason, PhD and Charles Lapp, MD, each chapter covers a significant medical or
behavioral aspect of Long COVID so you can easily focus in on your particular
area of interest or concern. Well-described case studies illustrate key aspects of
the illness. I strongly recommend this book!”
Fred Friedberg, PhD, President, International Association for Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
“Understanding the Behavioral and Medical Impact of Long COVID is the first to
take on the question of the long term consequences of SARS CoV-2 infection.
If one needs to know what is known about this world-wide pandemic, this
book is required reading.”
Benjamin H. Natelson, MD, The Mount Sinai Hospital
Understanding the Behavioral
and Medical Impact of Long
COVID
An Empirical Guide to Assessment and
Treatment of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS
CoV-2 Infection
Edited by Leonard A. Jason and
Charles Lapp
Designed cover image: © Getty Images
First published 2023
by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Leonard A. Jason and Charles Lapp;
individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Leonard A. Jason and Charles Lapp to be identified as the
author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 9781032442235 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032442242 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003371090 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003371090
Typeset in Bembo
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents
List of Contributors vii
Foreword xii
1 Introduction: History, Diagnosis, and Classification 1
LEONARD A. JASON, PH.D. AND CHARLES LAPP, MD
2 Fatigue and Long-COVID 18
KEITH GERAGHTY, PH.D. AND LEONARD A. JASON, PH.D.
3 Neurocognitive Disorders 35
ELIZABETA B. MUKAETOVA-LADINSKA, MD, PH.D., STELLA PADDICK, MD, PH.D.,
AND AKRAM A. HOSSEINI, MD, PH.D.
4 Brain and Nervous System 52
SUDHIR MEHTA, MD, FAMS, FRCP (LONDON & EDIN), FACP, FICP,
GAURAV JAIN, MBBS DNB MNAMS, AND VARUN JAIN MD
5 Respiratory System 68
TANYA E. MELNIK, MD, MS, HEM DESAI, MBBS MPH,
SARAH ZACH, BM, MS, CCC-SLP, AND STEPHANIE MISONO, MD MPH
6 Gastrointestinal Disorders 85
SONIA VILLAPOL, PHD
7 Metabolic Disorders 105
CHARLOTTE STEENBLOCK, PHD, NICOLE BECHMANN, PHD, WALDEMAR
KANCZKOWSKI, PHD, NIKOLAOS PERAKAKIS, MD, AND
STEFAN R. BORNSTEIN, MD
vi Contents
8 Long-Term Cardiovascular Disorders of COVID-19 122
MUHAMMAD HASSAN KHAN AND RICHARD C. BECKER
9 Autonomic Disorders 146
SŁAWOMIR KUJAWSKI, PHD, AGNIESZKA KUJAWSKA, MD, PHD,
AND PAWEŁ ZALEWSKI, PHD
10 Musculoskeletal Disorders 163
HIDETOMI TERAI, MD, PHD, AND KOJI TAMAI, MD, PHD
11 Mental Health Disorders 179
YOCHAI RE’EM, MD, AND KARANBIR PADDA, MD
12 Alternative Treatment Approaches 197
TAE-HUN KIM, KMD, PHD
13 Menstrual Cycle and Female Reproductive Health Disturbance in
the Covid Era 215
MICHELLE MAHER, MD, LAURA O’DOHERTY, MD, AND LISA OWENS, MD PHD
14 Pediatric Issues 232
CHRISTINE A. CAPONE, MD, MPH, ANNABELLE QUIZON, MD,
ELIZABETH C. MITCHELL, MD, AND MARIA TERESA SANTIAGO, MD
15 Patient Perspectives on Long COVID Advocacy, Care, and Research 256
LISA MCCORKELL, MPP, HANNAH WEI, AND SIGNE REDFIELD, PHD
Afterword 277
LLEWELLYN KING
Index 279
Contributors
Benjamin H. Natelson, MD
Professor of Neurology
The Mount Sinai Hospital
New York, New York, USA
Leonard Jason, PhD
Professor of Psychology
Director, Center for Community Research
Department of Psychology
DePaul University
Chicago, Illinois, USA
Charles Lapp, MD
Hunter-Hopkins Center
Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
Keith Geraghty, PhD
Honorary Research Fellow
Centre for Primary Care
University of Manchester
Manchester, UK
Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska, MD, PhD, FRCPsych
Chair/Professor in Old Age Psychiatry
Department of Psychology and Visual Sciences
University of Leicester
Leicester, UK
Stella Paddick, MD, MRCPsych, PhD
Associate Clinical Lecturer, Consultant in Old Age Psychiatry
Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University
Newcastle, UK
Akram A. Hosseini, MD, MRCP, PhD
Consultant Neurologist
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
Nottingham, UK
viii Contributors
Sudhir Mehta MD, FAMS, FRCP (London & Edin), FACP, FICP
Senior Professor, Dept of Medicine
SMS Medical College & Attached Group of Hospitals
Jaipur, India
Gaurav Jain, MBBS DNB MNAMS
Assistant Professor
Dept. Of Neurosurgery
SMS Medical College
Jaipur, India
Varun Jain, MD
Department of Neurology
University of Florida
Florida, USA
Tanya E. Melnik, MD, MS
Division of Geriatrics, Palliative and Primary Care
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Stephanie Misono, MD
Associate Professor
Division of Laryngology
Department of Otolaryngology
Head and Neck Surgery
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Hem Desai, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Sarah Zach, BM, MS, CCC-SLP
Lions Voice Clinic
Department of Otolaryngology
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Sonia Villapol, PhD
Department of Neurosurgery
Houston Methodist Research Institute
Houston, Texas, USA
Contributors ix
Charlotte Steenblock, PhD
Department of Internal Medicine III
University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus
Technische Universität Dresden
Dresden, Germany
Nicole Bechmann, PhD
Department of Internal Medicine III
University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus
Technische Universität Dresden
Dresden, Germany
Waldemar Kanczkowski, PhD
Department of Internal Medicine III
University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus
Technische Universität Dresden
Dresden, Germany
Nikolaos Perakakis, MD
Department of Internal Medicine III
University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus
Technische Universität Dresden
Dresden, Germany
Stefan R Bornstein, MD
Department of Internal Medicine III
University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus
Technische Universität Dresden
Dresden, Germany
Richard C. Becker, MD
Director, Physician-in-Chief
Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Sławomir Kujawski, PhD
Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy
Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum
Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University
Toruń, Poland
Agnieszka Kujawska, MD, PhD
Department of Exercise Physiology and Functional Anatomy
Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum
Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University
Toruń, Poland
