Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism

346 Pages·2020·5.572 MB·English

by  David Weisburd (editor), Ernesto U. Savona (editor), Badi Hasisi (editor), Francesco Calderoni (editor)

David Weisburd
Ernesto U. Savona
Badi Hasisi
Francesco Calderoni  Editors
Understanding
Recruitment
to Organized
Crime and
Terrorism
Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime
and Terrorism
David Weisburd • Ernesto U. Savona
Badi Hasisi • Francesco Calderoni
Editors
Understanding Recruitment
to Organized Crime and
Terrorism
Editors
David Weisburd Ernesto U. Savona
Institute of Criminology Transcrime
Faculty of Law Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Milan, Italy
Jerusalem, Israel
Francesco Calderoni
Department of Criminology
Transcrime
Law and Society
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
George Mason University
Milan, Italy
Fairfax, Virginia, USA
Badi Hasisi
Institute of Criminology
Faculty of Law
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel
ISBN 978-3-030-36638-4 ISBN 978-3-030-36639-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36639-1
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Chapter “Delinquent development, employment and income in a sample of Dutch organized crime
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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
David Weisburd, Ernesto U. Savona, Badi Hasisi,
and Francesco Calderoni
Part I Factors Affecting Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism
What Is the State of the Quantitative Literature on Risk Factors
for Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Michael Wolfowicz, Yael Litmanovitz, David Weisburd, and Badi Hasisi
Resilience against Political and Religious Extremism,
Radicalization, and Related Violence: A Systematic Review
of Studies on Protective Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Friedrich Lösel, Doris Bender, Irina Jugl, and Sonja King
Terrorist Recidivism in Israel: Rates, Patterns and Risk Factors . . . . . . . 85
Tomer Carmel, Michael Wolfowicz, Badi Hasisi, and David Weisburd
Unintended Negative Outcomes of Counter-Terrorism Policing:
Procedural (in)Justice and Perceived Risk of Recruitment
into Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Justice Tankebe
The Link Between Prior Criminal Record and Violent Political
Extremism in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Michael A. Jensen, Aaron Safer-Lichtenstein, Patrick A. James,
and Gary LaFree
v
vi Contents
Testing a Threat Model of Terrorism: A Multi-method Study About
Socio- Economic and Psychological Influences on Terrorism
Involvement in the Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Vanja Ljujic, Inge Versteegt, Frank Weerman, Fabienne Thijs,
Jan- Willem van Prooijen, Fatima el Bouk, and Steve van de Weijer
Part II Factors Affecting Recruitment to Organized Crime
Systematic Review of the Social, Psychological and Economic Factors
Relating to Involvement and Recruitment into Organized Crime . . . . . . . 175
Tommaso Comunale, Francesco Calderoni, Martina Marchesi,
Elisa Superchi, and Gian Maria Campedelli
Socio-Economic Inequalities and Organized Crime:
An Empirical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Michele Battisti, Giovanni Bernardo, Antri Konstantinidi,
Andros Kourtellos, and Andrea Mario Lavezzi
The Criminal Careers of Italian Mafia Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Ernesto U. Savona, Francesco Calderoni, Gian Maria Campedelli,
Tommaso Comunale, Marco Ferrarini, and Cecilia Meneghini
Investigating the Psychological Profile of Organized Crime Members . . . . 269
Gerardo Salvato, Maria Laura Fiorina, Daniela Ovadia,
Gabriele De Maio, Elisa Francescon, and Gabriella Bottini
Traffickers in Transit: Analysing the Logistics and Involvement
Mechanisms of Organised Crime at Logistical Nodes in the
Netherlands: Empirical Results of the Dutch Organised
Crime Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Renushka Madarie and Edwin W. Kruisbergen
Delinquent Development, Employment and Income in a Sample
of Dutch Organized Crime Offenders: Shape, Content,
and Correlates of Delinquent Trajectories from Age 12 to 65 . . . . . . . . . . 309
Victor van der Geest, M. Vere van Koppen, and Edward R. Kleemans
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
About the Editors
David Weisburd is a Distinguished Professor at George Mason University and

Director of the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy. He is also the Walter
E. Meyer Professor of Law and Criminal Justice at the Hebrew University Faculty
of Law in Jerusalem. He serves as Chief Science Advisor at the Police Foundation
in Washington DC and is Chair of its Research Advisory Committee. He has
received many awards for his contributions to criminology and crime prevention.
These include the Stockholm Prize in Criminology (2010); the Klachky Family
Prize for the Advancement of the Frontiers of Science (2011); the Jerry Lee Award
for Lifetime Achievement in Experimental Criminology (Division of Experimental
Criminology, ASC, 2014); the Robert Boruch Award for distinctive contributions to
research that influences public policy of the Campbell Collaboration (2014); the
Sutherland Award for “outstanding contributions to the discipline of criminology”
(ASC, 2014); the Israel Prize (generally regarded as the State of Israel’s highest
civilian honor) (2015); the Mentoring Award for “excellence in mentorship in the
discipline of Criminology and Criminal Justice” (ASC, 2016); and the August
Vollmer Award for contributions to the prevention of crime (ASC, 2017).
Ernesto U. Savona is Director of TRANSCRIME, Joint Research Centre of the

Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and the Università degli Studi di Trento, and
since 2003, he is Professor of Criminology at the Università Cattolica del Sacro
Cuore in Milan. From 1986 to 2002, he was Professor of Criminology at the Faculty
of Law at the Università degli Studi di Trento. In 2003, he was appointed Editor in
Chief of the European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, an international
refereed Journal published by Springer. He is also Editor in Chief of the series
Research in Brief in International and Comparative Criminology published by
Springer. He has been consultant to the United Nations, Council of Europe, the
European Union, and various national governments. He was also nominated
President of the European Society of Criminology for the years 2003/2004. In June
2011, he was appointed Chair for the term 2011–2012 of the Global Agenda Council
on Organized Crime del World Economic Forum.
vii
viii About the Editors
Badi  Hasisi serves as an Associate Professor and Chair of the Institute of

Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University. His work focuses on the
interaction between community and the criminal justice agencies, with specific
emphasis on the particular problems faced by minority groups with the criminal
justice system. He also specializes in homeland security ad terrorism. In the last
3 years, he received about 900,000 € from the European Commission to study ter-
rorism. He also specializes in evaluating innovations in the criminal justice system.
Prof. Hasisi also specializes in the legal history of Mandate Palestine. His recent
study focuses on analyzing the reaction of the British court system during the
Mandate in Palestine to family honor crimes, especially among the Arab commu-
nity. He received the 2018 best article prize of the Israeli Organization of Law and
History and the Fattal Prize for Excellence in Legal Research and Criminology.
Prof. Hasisi also serves as the Executive Editor of the Journal of Quantitative
Criminology.
Francesco Calderoni is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Social and Political

Sciences at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and Researcher at Transcrime Joint
Research Centre of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, the University of
Bologna, and the University of Perugia. He is Coordinator of the International
Ph.D. in Criminology and of the master curriculum in Policies for Security at the
M.Sc. in Public Policies at the Università Cattolica in Milan. He is Associate Editor
at Global Crime. He was awarded the Ambrosoli Prize 2010 by the Milan City
Council for the best Ph.D. thesis and the Canada-Italy innovation award 2014 by the
Canadian Embassy in Italy for the application of network analysis methods to crimi-
nal organizations.
Introduction
David Weisburd, Ernesto U. Savona, Badi Hasisi, and Francesco Calderoni
The New York Mafia has launched an unprecedented recruitment drive after deaths, defec-
tions and the unwelcome interventions of the FBI have cut the number of “wise guys” under
its command by more than 10 per cent in a year. Numbers on the streets fell from 634 to 570
during 2000, according to the FBI, prompting the Italian crime families that still run many
of the city’s drugs, gambling, extortion and prostitution rackets to “open the books” to new
members… The existence of the recruitment drive was confirmed to the authorities by an
informant, Michael “Cookie” Durso.”
Short-staffed Mafia makes a job offer you can’t refuse. The Daily Telegraph
(Leith 2002)
Britain’s most senior counter-terrorism officer has said the police and security services are
no longer enough to win the fight against violent extremism, and the UK must instead
improve community cohesion, social mobility and education. In his first major interview
since taking up his post last year, the Metropolitan police assistant commissioner Neil Basu
told the Guardian that up to 80% of those who wanted to attack the UK were British-born
or raised, which strongly indicated domestic social issues were among the root causes.
Grievances held by people who were “malleable” to terrorist recruitment were highly dan-
gerous, he said, calling for sociologists and criminologists to take a leading role in helping
police tackle the problem.
Counter-terror chief says policing alone cannot beat extremism. The Guardian
(Dodd 2019)
Organized crime and terrorism stand as two of the key threats to social organiza-
tion and government in Western countries today (Shaw and Mahadevan 2018).
Organized crime stands behind many illegal enterprises that cater to public desires
that the government seeks to control. These include prostitution, drugs, gambling,
and protection rackets, which have formed a key aspect of organized criminal
D. Weisburd (*)
Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University,
Fairfax, Virginia, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
E. U. Savona · F. Calderoni
Transcrime, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Transcrime, Milan, Italy
B. Hasisi
Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1
D. Weisburd et al. (eds.), Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime
and Terrorism, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36639-1_1
2 D. Weisburd et al.
behaviour for the last century or more (Shelley 1995; Albanese 2014). But orga-
nized crime has also been key in creating competitive economies for goods that are
highly taxed, like cigarette sales or liquor (Savona et al. 2017). And importantly,
organized crime groups have often resorted to violence, infiltrated the legal economy,
and undermined legal and political institutions to protect their control over these
enterprises (Fleenor 2003; Savona et al. 2016).
Terrorism has served as a more recent threat in Western democracies, though ter-
rorism has operated in one form or another for centuries or even millennia (Rapoport
1983, 2004). Already in ancient times Cicero rallied the Roman government to act
harshly against terrorism, when Catiline conspired to assassinate government offi-
cials and set the city ablaze.1 Nevertheless, it is only in more recent times, especially
since the events of 9/11, that terrorism has become a more central focus of policy in
Western countries.
The goals of terrorists differ from organized criminals, in that their primary inter-
ests are in changing political or social systems, rather than simply protecting their
economic or social control over specific industries. Nonetheless, terrorism, whether
left or right-wing or religiously motivated, and organized criminal organizations,
whether mafias, gangs, or other entities, have impacted social order in most Western
democracies--whether reflected in heightened levels of fear among citizens who
become afraid to carry out their daily routines (e.g. Mesch 2000; Malik et al. 2018),
or changes in security procedures that restrict everyday access to public and private
institutions (White 1998) or increases in aggressive security procedures against spe-
cific ethnic, national, religious or racial groups (Wolfendale 2007). Additionally,
different sectors of the economy can potentially suffer damages as the result of both
terrorism (e.g. Berrebi and Klor 2010; Aslam et al. 2018) and organized crime (e.g.
Lavezzi 2014; Calderoni 2014; Pinotti 2015). The impacts of terrorism, like orga-
nized crime, are broadly spread across the social systems of modern democracies.
In recent years, multinational governmental bodies have placed an increasing
focus on the need to cooperate to combat both organized crime and terrorism,
reflected in multiple UN resolutions. A host of organizations have either been cre-
ated for this expressed purpose, or have adjusted their scope and focus towards such
objectives. For example, INTERPOL and EUROPOL expanded their mandate to
include deeper cooperation on combatting both organized crime and terrorism fol-
lowing the events of 9/11 (Deflem 2007). In recent years, organizations such as the
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) have taken on an increased
interest not only in transnational organized crime networks but in issues pertaining
to terrorism as well. Meanwhile, a host of other organizations, such as the Action
against Terrorism Unit (ATU) of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in
Europe (OSCE), have been created for the express purpose of combatting organized
crime and terrorism, and specifically facilitating cooperation towards these goals).
1 M. Tullius Cicero. The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, literally translated by C. D. Yonge,
B. A. London. Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden. 1856.