Table Of ContentUnderstanding Communications Networks U
River Publishers Series in Communications
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for Emerging Cybernetics Applications
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Kaveh Pahlavan e
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Understanding
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Information networking has emerged as a multidisciplinary diversified area of research o t
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over the past few decades. From traditional wired telephony to cellular voice telephony r n Communications Networks
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and from wired access to wireless access to the Internet, information networks have
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profoundly impacted our lifestyles as they have undergone enormous growth. To
understand this technology, students need to learn several disciplines and develop an e in for Emerging Cybernetics Applications
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intuitive feeling of how they interact with one another. To achieve this goal, the book g g
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describes important networking standards, classifying their underlying technologies n
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in a logical manner and gives detailed examples of successful applications.
C o Kaveh Pahlavan
The emergence of wireless access and dominance of the Ethernet in LAN y m
technologies has shifted the innovations in networking towards the physical layer and b
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characteristics of the medium. This book pays attention to the physical layer while
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we provide fundamentals of information networking technologies which are used in n
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wired and wireless networks designed for local and wide area operations. The book
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provides a comprehensive treatment of the wired IEEE802.3 Ethernet, and Internet ic i Switches, Routers Personal
as well as ITU cellular 2G-6G wireless networks, IEEE 802.11 for Wi-Fi, and IEEE s c BLE, ZigBee, UWB Ethernet, Wi-Fi 1-6G Cellular Local
802.15 for Bluetooth, ZigBee and ultra-wideband (UWB) technologies. The novelty A a Arch/PHY//MAC Arch/MAC/PHY Arch/MAC/PHY TCP/UDP/IP Metropolitan
of the book is that it places emphasis on physical communications issues related p t SONET/SDH
p i Long-haul
to formation and transmission of packets and characteristics of the medium for l o Characteristics of Wired and Wireless Medium
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transmission in variety of networks. c n
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Material presented in the book will be beneficial for students of Electrical ti
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and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Robotics Engineering, Biomedical
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Engineering, or other disciplines who are interested in integration of navigation s e Self
into their multi-disciplinary projects. The book provides examples with supporting t actualization
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MATLAB codes and hands-on projects throughout to improve the ability of the readers
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to understand and implement variety of algorithms. o Esteem
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Kaveh
Pahlavan
River Publishers River
Understanding Communications
Networks
– for Emerging Cybernetics Applications
RIVERPUBLISHERSSERIESINCOMMUNICATIONS
SeriesEditors:
ABBASJAMALIPOUR MARINARUGGIERI
TheUniversityofSydney UniversityofRomeTorVergata
Australia Italy
JUNSHANZHANG
ArizonaStateUniversity
USA
Indexing: All books published in this series are submitted to the Web of
ScienceBookCitationIndex(BkCI),toSCOPUS,toCrossRefandtoGoogle
Scholarforevaluationandindexing.
The “River Publishers Series in Communications” is a series of
comprehensiveacademicandprofessionalbookswhichfocusoncommunica-
tion and network systems. Topics range from the theory and use of
systems involving all terminals, computers, and information processors to
wired and wireless networks and network layouts, protocols, architectures,
and implementations. Also covered are developments stemming from new
market demands in systems, products, and technologies such as personal
communications services, multimedia systems, enterprise networks, and
opticalcommunications.
The series includes research monographs, edited volumes, handbooks
andtextbooks,providingprofessionals,researchers,educators,andadvanced
students in the field with an invaluable insight into the latest research and
developments.
Foralistofotherbooksinthisseries,visitwww.riverpublishers.com
Understanding Communications
Networks
– for Emerging Cybernetics Applications
Kaveh Pahlavan
WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute,USA
River Publishers
Published,soldanddistributedby:
RiverPublishers
Alsbjergvej10
9260Gistrup
Denmark
www.riverpublishers.com
ISBN:9788770225861(Hardback)
9788770223928(Ebook)
©2021RiverPublishers
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin
aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionof
thepublishers.
“tomylifetimepartner,Farzaneh,
mychildren,Nima,Nasim,andShek,
mygrandchildren,Roya,andNavid,and
myacademicsonPrashant”.
Contents
Preface xv
ListofFigures xxi
ListofTables xxxvii
ListofAbbreviations xxxix
1 OverviewofCommunicationsNetworks 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 ElementsofCommunicationsNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 ClassificationsofCommunicationsNetworks . . . . 5
1.2.2 ExamplesofCorporateNetworks . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Evolution of Communications Networks – A Historical
Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 EvolutionoftheCoreNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 EvolutionofLocalandPersonalAreaNetworks. . . 15
1.3.3 EvolutionofWirelessCellularNetworks . . . . . . 17
1.4 Standards,Regulations,andTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.1 IntelligentRadiowithSpectrumManagement . . . . 20
1.4.2 StandardsOrganizationforCommunications
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.3 CommunicationsNetworkingTechnologies . . . . . 27
1.5 StructureoftheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2 OverviewofCoreNetworks 35
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 ElementofCoreNetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.1 PrincipleofPacketForwarding. . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.2 TransmissionStandardsforCoreNetworks . . . . . 41
2.2.3 QualityofService(QoS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
vii
viii Contents
2.3 UserAddressinginCoreNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3.1 AddressingEndUsersinPSTN . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3.2 AddressingEndUsersontheInternet . . . . . . . . 54
2.4 EvolutionofCircuitSwitchesforPSTN . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.4.1 ISDNforIntegratedCircuit-SwitchedData . . . . . 64
2.4.2 PacketSwitchingOverVirtualCircuits . . . . . . . 65
2.4.3 ATMforVirtual-CircuitPacketSwitching . . . . . . 66
2.5 EvolutionofInternetInterconnectingElement . . . . . . . . 69
2.5.1 BridgesandLANSwitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.5.2 RoutersProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.5.3 RoutingAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.6 All-IPandNextGenerationCoreNetworks . . . . . . . . . 94
2.6.1 TheMulti-ProtocolLabelSwitching . . . . . . . . . 95
2.6.2 3GPPandNextGenerationCoreNetworks . . . . . 98
3 CharacteristicsoftheMedium 105
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.2 FundamentalsofDigitalCommunications . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.2.1 DigitalCommunications–AHistoricalPerspective . 106
3.2.2 DataRate,MediumBandwidth,andRSSI . . . . . . 109
3.2.3 ThermalNoiseandIntersymbolInterference . . . . 111
3.2.4 Shannon−HartleyBoundsforInformationTheory . 114
3.2.5 MediumCharacteristics:Wiredvs.Wireless . . . . . 115
3.3 CharacteristicsoftheGuidedMedium . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.3.1 TwistedPair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.3.2 CoaxialCables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.3.3 OpticalFiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.4 CharacteristicsofPathLossforWirelessMedia . . . . . . . 133
3.4.1 FriisEquationforFreeSpacePropagation . . . . . . 134
3.4.2 Path-LossModelinginMultipath . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.4.3 EmpiricalMeasurementofPath-LossParameters . . 144
3.5 Path-LossModelExamplesinStandards . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.5.1 NISTModelforRSSIInsidetheHumanBody . . . 148
3.5.2 IEEE802.11ModelforIndoorArea . . . . . . . . . 148
3.5.3 Okumura−HataModelforUrbanAreas . . . . . . . 151
3.6 ModelingofRSSIFluctuationsandDopplerSpectrum . . . 153
3.6.1 Friis’EquationandGeometricRayTracing . . . . . 154
3.6.2 ModelingofSmall-ScaleFading . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.6.3 ModelingofDopplerSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Contents ix
3.7 WidebandModelingofMultipathCharacteristics . . . . . . 165
3.7.1 ChannelImpulseResponseandBandwidth . . . . . 165
3.7.2 MultipathSpread,ISI,andBandwidth . . . . . . . . 168
3.7.3 WidebandChannelModelsinStandardization
Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3.7.4 SimulationofChannelBehavior . . . . . . . . . . . 175
3.7.5 ChannelStateInformationandMIMOChannels . . 176
3.8 APPENDIXA3:WhatisdB? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4 PhysicalLayerCommunications 193
4.1 InformationTransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.2 FundamentalsofTransmissionandSignalConstellation . . . 195
4.2.1 LineCodingandBinaryBasebandTransmission . . 195
4.2.2 Multi-LevelTransmissionandSignalConstellation . 197
4.2.3 TransmissionParametersandSignalConstellation . 199
4.2.4 Multi-DimensionalSignalConstellations . . . . . . 204
4.2.5 EffectsofCodingonDataRate . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4.3 PerformanceAnalysisUsingSignalConstellation . . . . . . 211
4.3.1 PlotsofErrorRateVersusSignal-to-NoiseRatio . . 211
4.3.2 Shannon−HartleyBoundsonAchievableDataRate 214
4.4 PerformanceinMultipathRFChannels . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.4.1 Effects of Fading on Performance Over Wireless
Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.4.2 DiversityTechniquestoRemedyFading . . . . . . . 220
4.5 WirelessModemsTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
4.5.1 SpreadSpectrumTransmissions . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.5.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
4.5.3 Space−TimeCoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.5.4 CapacityMIMOAntennaSystems . . . . . . . . . 234
5 MediumAccessControl 247
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5.2 AssignedAccesstoPSTN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.2.1 1GFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess . . . . . . . 250
5.2.2 2GTimeDivisionMultipleAccess . . . . . . . . . 253
5.2.3 3GCodeDivisionMultipleAccess(CDMA) . . . . 256
5.2.4 ComparisonofCDMA,TDMA,andFDMA . . . . 260
5.2.5 TrafficEngineeringUsingtheErlangEquations . . . 266
