Turkish Dynamics: Bridge across Troubled Lands (The Middle East in Focus)

257 Pages·2005·1.36 MB·English

by  Ersin Kalaycioglu

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The Middle East has become simultaneously the world’s most controversial,
crisis-ridden, and yet least-understood region. Taking new perspectives on
the area that has undergone the most dramatic changes, the Middle East in
Focus series, edited by Barry Rubin, seeks to bring the best, most accurate
expertise to bear for understanding the area’s countries, issues, and problems.
The resulting books are designed to be balanced, accurate, and comprehen-
sive compendiums of both facts and analysis presented clearly for both
experts and the general reader.
Series Editor: Barry Rubin
Director, Global Research International Affairs (GLORIA)
Center Editor, Middle East Review of International Affairs(MERIA)
Journal Editor, Turkish Studies
Turkish Dynamics: Bridge Across Troubled Lands
By Ersin Kalaycıogˇlu
Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos
By Patrick Clawson and Michael Rubin
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B A T L
Ersin Kalaycıogˇlu
TURKISHDYNAMICS
© Ersin Kalaycıoˇglu,2005.
All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any
manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
First published in 2005 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™
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and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN 1–4039–6279–0
ISBN 1–4039–6280–4 (pbk.)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kalayciog˘lu,Ersin.
Turkish dynamics :bridge across troubled lands / Ersin Kalayciog˘lu.
p.cm.—(Middle East in focus series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1–4039–6279–0—ISBN 1–4039–6280–4 (pbk.)
1.Turkey—Politics and government—20th century.2.Turkey—
History—20th century.I.Title.II.Series.
DR576.K35 2005
956.1(cid:1)02—dc22 2005045955
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India.
First edition:November 2005
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America.
To Sema, Öykü, and Petek
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ontents
C
Acknowledgments viii
List of Figures, Tables, and Maps ix
Preface xi
Introduction: Change and Stability 1
1 From Collapse to Liberation 15
2 Founding the Republic and the Cultural
Revolution (1923–1946) 45
3 Democracy at Work and at Risk (1946–1960) 67
4 The Second Republic (1961–1980) 91
5 The Third Republic (1980– ) 125
6 Governance, Change, and Risk 167
Conclusion: Making a Bridge Functional 189
Notes 201
Bibliography 229
Index 239
cknowledgments
A
I
have been working on this book since the summer of 2002, which more or
less coincided with the start of my work at Sabanci University, Faculty of Arts
and Social Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey. I have finished the first draft of the
book while I was still employed at Sabanci University, where I had the assis-
tance of Mustafa Ovuz, Rita Koryan, and Egemen Özalp. My collaborations
with professors Üstün Ergüder, Ali Çarkovlu, Korel Göymen, and Ahmet
Evin, all of Sabanci University have also contributed to my work. I would also
like to take this opportunity to thank Professor Barry Rubin for his critique
and help in the publication of this text. I would also like to acknowledge the
efforts of Dr. David Pervin of Palgrave, who was although at times painstak-
ingly slow, made valuable criticisms on the draft of this book.
I would also like to thank Hilmi Çelik, the Librarian of Sabanci University,
and Ersen Kavaklıovlu of the Sabanci University for their assistance in com-
piling the data and for the multimedia services they kindly provided. I am
grateful for the research infrastructure and assistance that the Sabanci
University provided for such work to be completed.
My wife Sema and daughters Öykü and Petek have been of great help with
their encouragements and patience with the long hours I put in the compo-
sition of the manuscript.
I would also like to acknowledge the secretarial assistance provided
byIpek Dübütof Itık University for the final edition and composition of this
manuscript.
ist of igures, ables, and aps
L F T M
Figures
I.1 Turkish Gross National Product (constant prices,
annual % change) 3
5.1 The Left–Right Spectrum of the Turkish
Voters (1990–2002) 139
5.2 Political Parties in the Eyes of the Voters
(October 2002) 140
Tables
3.1 National Election Results (1946–1957) 75
3.2 Economic Growth Rates and Gross National
Product (GNP) Deflator (1924–1960) 77
3.3 Economic Growth in Turkey by Sectors (1923–1999) 78
3.4 Transport Infrastructure in Turkey 78
3.5 The Rising Urban Population (1950–2001) 80
4.1 Turkish National Elections and Disproportionality
of Representation 92
4.2 National Election Results (1961–1977) 96
4.3 Government Tenure and Formation Difficulty by
Government Type 97
4.4 Trends in Turkish Foreign Trade (1945–1980) 115
4.5 Communications and Social Mobilization in
Turkey (1950–1980) 119
5.1 National Election Results (1983–2002) 126
6.1 Direct Foreign Investment in Selected Countries
and Regions (billion U.S. Dollars) 186
7.1 Turkey, Neighbors, the European Union, the United States,
and other Regional and Global Actors 190
Maps
I.1 Turkey and Her Neighborhood 4
1.1 The Partition of the Ottoman Empire According to the
Treaty of Sevrés 36
2.1 Post–Cold War Turkey 64