Tugen word order: a minimalist perspective

172 Pages·2012·0.988 MB·English

by  Prisca Jerono

Prisca Jerono
TUGEN WORD ORDER:
A MINIMALIST PERSPECTIVE
P r i s c a J e r o n o
TUGEN WORD ORDER
P r i s c a J e r o n o
TUGEN WORD ORDER:
A MINIMALIST PERSPECTIVE
EGALITE
(EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE, Publishing)
Impressum
Bibliographic information published by the National and University Library "St. Kliment
Ohridski" in Skopje; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at
http://www.nubsk.edu.mk/;
CIP - 811.426.6
COBISS.MK-ID 90313738
Any brand names and product names mentioned in this book are subject to trademark,
brand or patent protection and trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective
holders.
The use of brand names, product names, common names, trade names, product
descriptions etc. even without a particular marking in this works is in no way to be
construed to mean that such names may be regarded as unrestricted in respect of
trademark and brand protection legislation and could thus be used by anyone.
Publisher: EGALITE (department : European Scientific Institute),
Street: "203", number "1", 2300 Kocani, Republic of Macedonia
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Republic of Macedonia
ISBN: 978-608-4642-01-5
Copyright © 2012 by the author, EGALITE and licensors
All rights reserved. Kocani 2012
TUGENWORD ORDER:
AMINIMALIST PERSPECTIVE
Prisca JERONO
August,2012
TABLE OFCONTENTS
CHAPTERONE
BasicLanguage Features ofTugen
1.0Introduction........................................................................................................1
1.1Consonants.........................................................................................................1
1.2Vowels................................................................................................................3
1.3Tone....................................................................................................................5
1.4Nouns andNoun Inflection................................................................................6
1.4.1Definitenessand Number................................................................................6
1.4.2Gender.............................................................................................................9
1.4.3 Loanwords....................................................................................................10
1.5NounDerivation...............................................................................................11
1.5.1NounDerivationfromAdjectives.................................................................11
1.5.2NounDerivationfromNouns........................................................................12
1.5.3NounDerivationfromVerbs........................................................................13
1.6CaseMarking...................................................................................................16
1.7VerbsandVerb Inflection................................................................................17
1.7.1Person/Number..............................................................................................17
1.7.2.Tense/AspectSystem...................................................................................20
1.7.2.1Tense..........................................................................................................20
1.7.2.2Aspect........................................................................................................21
1.8Adjectives........................................................................................................22
1.9Adverbs............................................................................................................24
1.10Prepositions....................................................................................................25
1.11Conjunctions..................................................................................................25
1.12Conclusion.....................................................................................................25
CHAPTERTWO
SentenceStructure
2.0Introduction...................................................................................................26
2.1BasicSentenceStructure...............................................................................26
2.1.1TenseandAgreement.................................................................................29
2.1.2 Functional Heads........................................................................................31
2.1.3AspectandNegation............................................................………….......34
2.1.4ComplementizerPhrase(CP).......................................................................36
2.2Complex SentenceStructure...........................................................................38
2.2.1Argument IncreasingDevices......................................................................39
2.2.1.1Applicative................................................................................................39
2.2.1.2Benefactive...............................................................................................39
2.2.1.3Instrumental/Locative...............................................................................41
2.2.3ArgumentDecreasingDevices.....................................................................43
2.2.3.1Passive.......................................................................................................43
2.2.3.2Antipassive................................................................................................45
2.2.3.3Reflexive/Reciprocal.................................................................................46
2.3Co-OccurrencesofArgument IncreasingDevices.........................................48
2.3.1Benefactiveand Instrumental/Locative.......................................................49
2.3.2BenefactiveandBenefactive.......................................................................51
2.3.3Benefactive-Benefactive- Instrumental/Locative.......................................53
2.3.4Conclusionson WordOrder........................................................................55
2.4 Co-OccurencesofArgument Increasing&ArgumentDecreasing
Devices..........................................................................................................55
2.4.1BenefactiveandReciprocal/Reflexive........................................................55
2.4.2Benefactiveand Passive...............................................................................57
2.4.3BenefactiveandAntipassive........................................................................59
2.4.4BenefactiveandAntipassive-Reflexive/Reciprocal.....................................60
2.4.5Passiveand Instrumental/Locative...............................................................61
2.4.6Passive-Antipassive......................................................................................63
2.4.7Passive-Benefactive-Instrumental/Locative.................................................64
2.4.8Passive- Antipassive-Benefactive-Locative/Instrumental............................65
2.4.9Passive- Antipassive-Locative/Instrumental................................................66
2.4.10 Locative/Instrumental-Reflexive/Reciprocal.............................................67
2.5Conclusion.......................................................................................................69
CHAPTERTHREE
WordOrderinDiscourse
3.0Introduction....................................................................................................71
3.1 WordOrder Parameters..................................................................................71
3.2Basic WordOrderin Discourse......................................................................73
3.2.1SubjectArguments.......................................................................................75
3.2.2DirectObjectArguments.............................................................................84
3.2.3PronominalArguments................................................................................86
3.3DerivationalArguments inDiscourse.............................................................87
3.3.1Applicative...................................................................................................87
3.3.1.1Benefactive...............................................................................................88
3.3.1.2 Locative/Instrumental...............................................................................90
3.3.1.3Reflexive/Reciprocal...............................................................................93
3.3.1.4Passive......................................................................................................94
3.3.1.5Antipassive...............................................................................................96
3.4Co-OccurencesofVerbalDerivationsinDiscourse......................................98
3.4.1Antipassiveand Locative/Instrumental......................................................98
3.4.2Passiveand Locative/Instrumental.............................................................99
3.4.3 Locative/InstrumentalandReflexive/Reciprocal....................................100
3.4.4PassiveandBenefactive............................................................................101
3.4.5BenefactiveandReflexive/Reciprocal........................................................103
3.4.6 TheUseof Pronominals inDiscourse......................................................105
3.5Conclusion.....................................................................................................107
CHAPTER FOUR
Topic, Focus and Word Order
4.0Introduction....................................................................................................109
4.1Topicand Focus.............................................................................................109
4.1.1Topics....................................................................................,.....................113
4.1.2 Focus...........................................................................................................115
4.1.2.1VP-Internal Focus...................................................................................116
4.1.2.1.1Information Focus.................................................................................116
4.1.2.1.2IdentificationalFocus............................................................................118
4.1.2.1.2.1VP-Internal FocusinPersonalPronouns...........................................119
4.1.2.1.2.2VP-Internal FocusintheApplicative................................................122
4.1.2.2VP-External Focus...................................................................................126
4.1.2.2.1IdentificationalFocus...........................................................................127
4.1.2.2.2Contrastive Focus..................................................................................129
4.1.2.2.2.1ContrastiveFocusintheApplicative.................................................131
4.2Defocalised Information...............................................................................133
4.3Inherent Focus..............................................................................................135
4.4 Wordorderfrequency...................................................................................137
4.4.1V WordOrder............................................................................................139
4.4.2VO WordOrder..........................................................................................139
4.4.3VS WordOrder...........................................................................................141
4.4.4VSO WordOrder........................................................................................142
4.4.5VOS WordOrder........................................................................................144
4.4.6SVO WordOrder........................................................................................146
4.4.7OV WordOrder..........................................................................................147
4.5Conclusion.....................................................................................................147
Summary..............................................................................................................150
References………………………………………………………..…………...152