Table Of ContentTropical and Extratropical
(cid:1)
Air Sea Interactions
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Tropical and Extratropical
(cid:1)
Air Sea Interactions
Modes of Climate Variations
Edited by
Swadhin Kumar Behera
Application Laboratory, Research Institute for
Value-Added-Information Generation, Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan;
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Contents
List of contributors xiii
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
1. Introduction to atmosphere and ocean variability
and air(cid:1)sea interactions 1
SWADHINKUMARBEHERA
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Atmospheric heat budget 3
1.3 Atmosphere and ocean circulations 6
1.4 Ocean circulation, upwelling, and climate variations 10
1.5 Summary 14
References 15
2. Impact of atmosphere(cid:1)ocean interactions on
propagation and initiation of boreal winter
and summer intraseasonal oscillations 17
TIMLIANDTIANYIWANG
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Observed characteristics of tropical intraseasonal oscillation
and intraseasonal sea surface temperature anomaly 19
2.2.1 Observed intraseasonal oscillation(cid:1)sea surface
temperature anomaly relationship 19
2.2.2 Cause of the intraseasonal sea surface
temperature anomaly 22
v
vi Contents
2.3 Impact of air(cid:1)sea interaction on tropical intraseasonal
oscillation 28
2.3.1 Role of air(cid:1)sea interaction in affecting overall
intraseasonal oscillation variance 28
2.3.2 Impact of air(cid:1)sea interaction on intraseasonal
oscillation propagation 31
2.3.3 Role of ocean feedback in Madden(cid:1)Julian oscillation
initiation 44
2.3.4 Theoretical air-sea interaction frameworks on
intraseasonal timescale selection 50
2.4 Summary and concluding remark 52
Acknowledgments 54
References 54
3. Air(cid:1)sea interaction in tropical Pacific: The dynamics of
El Niño/Southern Oscillation 61
SWADHINKUMARBEHERA,TAKESHIDOIANDJING-JIALUO
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 El Niño/Southern Oscillation theory 63
3.2.1 Sporadic mode 65
3.2.2 Oscillatory mode 65
3.2.3 Asymmetry 67
3.3 Diversity and flavors 69
3.4 Teleconnection 72
3.5 Predictability 75
3.6 Decadal and future climate 81
3.7 Summary 83
Acknowledgments 85
References 85
Contents vii
4. The El Niño Modoki 93
SHAMALMARATHEANDASHOKKARUMURI
4.1 What El Niño Modoki is? 93
4.2 Debate 96
4.3 Distinctions and nonlinearities 97
4.4 Teleconnections 101
4.5 Climate change 105
4.6 Summary 106
Acknowledgment 108
References 108
5. Air(cid:1)sea interactions in tropical Indian Ocean:
The Indian Ocean Dipole 115
SWADHINKUMARBEHERA,TAKESHIDOIANDJ.VENKATARATNAM
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Indian Ocean Dipole as a phenomenon:
the unique event of 2019 117
5.3 Indian Ocean Dipole and Indian summer
monsoon rainfall 122
5.4 Indian Ocean Dipole interactions with ENSO
and ENSO Modoki 125
5.5 Other teleconnections 127
5.6 Indian Ocean Dipole predictions 130
5.7 Indian Ocean Dipole in future climate 132
5.8 Summary 133
Acknowledgment 133
References 134
6. The Indo-western Pacific Ocean capacitor effect 141
YUKOSAKA,YUHEITAKAYAANDYOUICHIKAMAE
6.1 Introduction 141
viii Contents
6.2 Mechanism and predictability 142
6.2.1 The wind-evaporation-sea surface
temperature feedback in the tropical western
North Pacific 143
6.2.2 The Indian Ocean capacitor 145
6.2.3 The Indo-western Pacific Ocean capacitor mode 148
6.2.4 Seasonal predictions 150
6.3 Climate impacts 152
6.3.1 The Pacific-Japan pattern 152
6.3.2 Extremes in Southeast and East Asia 154
6.3.3 South Asia 157
6.4 Long-term modulations 158
6.4.1 Historical changes 158
6.4.2 Future changes 160
6.5 Summary 161
Acknowledgment 162
References 162
7. The Atlantic zonal mode: Dynamics,
thermodynamics, and teleconnections 171
INGORICHTERANDHIROKITOKINAGA
7.1 Introduction 171
7.2 Data description and definition 172
7.3 Climatological annual cycle of the equatorial Atlantic 173
7.4 Dynamical and thermodynamical elements of
equatorial Atlantic variability 176
7.4.1 Introduction 176
7.4.2 Composite evolution of the Atlantic zonal mode 178
7.4.3 Phase locking 181
7.4.4 Negative Atlantic zonal mode events—symmetry 181
7.4.5 Atlantic Niño II 182
Contents ix
7.4.6 Noncanonical Atlantic zonal mode events 182
7.4.7 Thermodynamic Atlantic zonal mode 184
7.4.8 Initiation of Atlantic zonal mode events 185
7.5 Linkage to tropical Atlantic variability 186
7.5.1 Link to the meridional mode 186
7.5.2 Link to the Benguela Niño 187
7.6 Relations of equatorial Atlantic variability to terrestrial
precipitation and remote basins 188
7.6.1 Impact on tropical precipitation 188
7.6.2 Impact of the Atlantic zonal mode on
El Niño-Southern Oscillation 189
7.6.3 Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the
Atlantic zonal mode 190
7.7 Representation of equatorial Atlantic variability in
global climate models 191
7.7.1 Mean state biases 191
7.7.2 Errors in the simulated variability 192
7.8 Prediction of equatorial Atlantic variability 194
7.9 Low-frequency modulation of equatorial Atlantic
variability and the impact of climate change 195
7.10 Summary and open questions 196
7.10.1 Summary 197
7.10.2 Open questions 197
7.10.3 Ways forward 199
Acknowledgment 200
References 200
8. The Ningaloo Niño/Niña: Mechanisms, relation
with other climate modes and impacts 207
TOMOKITOZUKA,MINGFENG,WEIQINGHAN,SHOICHIROKIDO
ANDLEIZHANG
8.1 Introduction 207
