Table Of ContentBioanalytical Reviews
Frank-Michael Matysik Editor
Trends in
Bioelectroanalysis
6
Bioanalytical Reviews
Serieseditors
Frank-MichaelMatysik,Regensburg,Germany
JoachimWegener,Regensburg,Germany
Aims and Scope
BioanalyticalReviewsisthesuccessoroftheformerreviewjournalwiththesame
name,anditwillcomplementSpringer’ssuccessfulandreputedreviewbookseries
programintheflourishingandexcitingareaoftheBioanalyticalSciences.
BioanalyticalReviews(BAR)publishesreviewscoveringallaspectsofbioanalytical
sciences. It therefore is a unique source of quick and authoritative information for
anybodyusingbioanalyticalmethodsinareassuchasmedicine,biology,biochemis-
try,genetics,pharmacology,biotechnology,andthelike.
Reviewsofmethodsincludeallmoderntoolsapplied,includingmassspectrometry,
HPLC(initsvariousforms),capillaryelectrophoresis,biosensors,bioelectroanalysis,
fluorescence, IR/Raman, and other optical spectroscopies, NMR radiometry, and
methodsrelatedtobioimaging.Inparticulartheseriesvolumesprovidereviewson
perspectivenewinstrumentalapproachesastheyapplytobioanalysis,andontheuse
ofmicro-/nano-materials suchasmicro-and nanoparticles. Articlesonμ-totalana-
lyticalsystems(μ-TAS)andonlabs-on-a-chipalsofallintothiscategory.
Intermsofapplications,reviewsonnovelbioanalyticalmethodsbasedontheuseof
enzymes,DNAzymes,antibodies, cellslices, tomentionthemoretypical ones, are
highlywelcome.Articlesonsubjectsrelatedtotheareasincludinggenomics,prote-
omics,metabolomics,high-throughputscreening,butalsobioinformaticsandstatis-
ticsastheyrelatetobioanalyticalmethodsareofcoursealsowelcome.Reviewscover
bothfundamentalaspectsandpracticalapplications.
ReviewspublishedinBAR are(a)ofwiderscopeandauthorativelywritten(rather
thanarecordoftheresearchofsingleauthors),(b)critical,butbalancedandunbiased;
(c) timely, with the latest references. BAR does not publish (a) reviews describing
establishedmethodsofbioanalysis;(b)reviewsthatlackwiderscope,(c)reviewsof
mainlytheoreticalnature.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11663
Frank-Michael Matysik
Editor
Trends in Bioelectroanalysis
With contributions by
R. Bierl (cid:1) H. Buck (cid:1) E. Cort(cid:1)on (cid:1) M. del Valle (cid:1) S.H. DuVall (cid:1)
A. Ha´jkova´ (cid:1) F.-M. Matysik (cid:1) S.R. Mikkelsen (cid:1) G. Nagy (cid:1) L. Nagy (cid:1)
G. Ocvirk (cid:1) B. van der Weerd (cid:1) P. Vatsyayan (cid:1) V. Vyskocˇil
Editor
Frank-MichaelMatysik
InstituteofAnalyticalChemistry
UniversityofRegensburg
Regensburg,Germany
ISSN1867-2086 ISSN1867-2094 (electronic)
BioanalyticalReviews
ISBN978-3-319-48483-9 ISBN978-3-319-48485-3 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-48485-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016958447
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
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Preface
SincethefundamentalstudiesbyGalvaniandRitterinthelateeighteenthcentury,
it has been understood that there is a close relationship between electrical and
biological phenomena. Currently, bioelectrochemistry is a very active field, with
extensiveresearchdevotedtostudiesofbiopolymers(DNA,proteins),bioenerget-
ics,biomembranes,andelectrochemicalapplicationsinmedicineorbiotechnology.
Bioelectroanalysisrepresentsavitalbranchofbioanalyticalchemistry.According
to its interdisciplinary character, electroanalysis integrates aspects of bioelectro-
chemistryandanalyticalchemistry.Bioelectroanalyticalstudiescompriseeitherthe
incorporationofbiologicalsystemsandprinciplesintoanelectrochemicalconcept
ortheuseofelectrochemicalmethodstogenerateanalyticalinformationregarding
biomolecules/biologicalcompartments.
In this third volume of the series Bioanalytical Reviews, a selection of trend-
settingtopicsinthefieldofbioelectroanalysisispresented.Ocvirkandcolleagues
contributeacomprehensiveoverviewconcerningtheelectrochemicalbiosensingof
glucosefordiabetescare.Duetoenormouspracticalimportance,thisresearcharea
hasattractedcontinuousinterestfordecades.Theauthorsprovideadetailedreview
from an industrial research and development perspective. Cort(cid:1)on and Mikkelsen
presentasurveyofbioassayapplicationsforindividuallyaddressableelectrochem-
icalarrays,illustratingthesignificantprogressinthisfield.Thefocusisonliquid-
phase bioanalytical assays. The context of implementation of electrochemical
arraysiscontinuedbydelVallewhodiscussesrecentadvancesinthedevelopment
of electronic tonguesbased on the use ofbiosensor arrays coupled with advanced
chemometric data analysis. Vyskocil and Ha´jkova´ summarize novel strategies of
DNA biosensor development and corresponding applications for studies of DNA
damage. The contribution by Vatsyayan represents the important research area of
electrochemistryofredoxproteins.Recenttrends,includingincreasingdiversityof
redoxproteinsusedinelectrochemicalstudies,novelimmobilizationstrategies,and
biosensor/biofuel cell applications, are surveyed. The review by van der Weerd
et al. provides an overview concerning ongoing developments in the field of
v
vi Preface
electrochemical sensing of blood gases with advanced sensor concepts. Last, but
notleast,L.NagyandG.Nagyaddresstheimportantaspectsofbioelectroanalytical
studieswithhighspatialresolution.Theircontributionsummarizesrecentachieve-
ments in bioanalytical applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy. A
wide range of applications covering imaging of living cells, studies of metabolic
activity, imaging of local enzyme activity, and studies of transport through
biolayersaresurveyed.
I wish to express my appreciation to all of the authors who contributed to this
bookprojectwithin-depthreviewarticlesillustratingcurrenttrendsintheresearch
area of bioelectroanalysis. This timely collection of important activities in
bioelectroanalytical research directions will be of interest not only for experts in
thefieldbutalsotostudentsandtheirteachersindisciplinesthatincludeanalytical
chemistry,biology,electrochemistry,andvariousinterdisciplinaryresearchareas.
Regensburg,Germany Frank-MichaelMatysik
Summer2016
Contents
ElectrochemicalGlucoseBiosensorsforDiabetesCare. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GregorOcvirk,HarveyBuck,andStacyHuntDuVall
ElectrochemicalArraysforBioassayApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
EduardoCort(cid:1)onandSusanR.Mikkelsen
BioelectronicTonguesEmployingElectrochemicalBiosensors. . . . . . . 143
ManeldelValle
NovelElectrochemicalDNABiosensorsasToolsforInvestigation
andDetectionofDNADamage. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 203
VlastimilVyskocˇilandAndreaHa´jkova´
RecentAdvancesintheStudyofElectrochemistryofRedoxProteins. . . 223
PreetyVatsyayan
TrendsinElectrochemicalSensingofBloodGases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
BastiaanvanderWeerd,RudolfBierl,andFrank-MichaelMatysik
ApplicationofScanningElectrochemicalMicroscopyinBioanalytical
Chemistry. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 281
L´ıviaNagyandGe´zaNagy
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
vii
BIOREV(2017)6:1–102
DOI:10.1007/11663_2016_3
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
Publishedonline:28June2016
Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors
for Diabetes Care
GregorOcvirk,HarveyBuck,andStacyHuntDuVall
Abstract Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) is the most successful application of
electrochemical biosensor technology and has motivated tremendous improve-
mentsinbiology,chemistry,measurement,andfabricationmethodsofbiosensors.
The performance of electrochemical biosensors used for BGM has improved
greatly overthe last fourdecades.Technologicaladvancehas allowedtomeasure
bloodglucose(BG)overawiderangeofglucoseconcentration,awidetemperature
andhematocritrangeinthepresenceofanabundanceofinterferingsubstanceswith
ever-increasing accuracy, and precision in minute sample volumes. The use of
optimizedenzymes,mediators,andelectrochemicalmeasurementmethodsenables
this tremendous progress in performance. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
systems based on minimally invasive amperometric sensors, inserted into the
subcutaneous tissue, have significantly improved over initial offerings over the
last15yearswithregardtotimeofuse,accuracy,reliability,andconveniencedue
to a multitude of parallel advances: materials needed for enzyme immobilization,
polymeric cover membranes, and biocompatible coatings needed to tackle the
response by the complex body interface have been developed; wireless transfer
andprocessingofunprecedenteddatavolumehavebeenestablished;effortlessand
painless insertion schemes of ever smaller sensors have been realized in order to
overcometheconcernsofpersonswithdiabetes(PwDs)touseaminimallyinvasive
sensor; and scalable manufacturing technologies of miniaturized minimally inva-
sivesensorshaveallowedforeverimprovedreproducibilityandincreasedproduc-
tion volume. Looking ahead, the demands on blood glucose system performance
G.Ocvirk(*)
RocheDiabetesCareGmbH,Mannheim,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
H.BuckandS.H.DuVall
RocheDiabetesCare,Inc.,Indianapolis,IN,USA
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
2 G.Ocvirketal.
are expected to grow even as the pressures to lower the cost of systems increase.
The drive for the future is to continue to push the limits on system performance
underreal-lifeconditionswhileloweringcost,allwhilefindingwaystoprovidethe
bestmedicalvaluetoPwDsandhealthcareproviders.Technicalissuesofcommer-
ciallyavailableCGMsensorsremaintobesolvedwhichcurrentlyimpedereliable
hypo-andhyperglycemicalarms,safeinsulindosingrecommendations,orinsulin
pump control at any time of use. It is realistic to assume that continuous glucose
monitoring(CGM)systemswillbeadoptedinthefuturebyalargerpopulationof
PwDs.YetitisalsoclearthatBGMsystemswillremainamajorchoiceofthegreat
majorityofPwDsonaglobalscale.Thisreviewoffersatechnicaloverviewabout
user, system, and major regulatory requirements and available suitable sensor
technology and demonstrated performance of electrochemical BGM and CGM
systemsfromanindustrialR&Dperspective.
Keywords Continuous glucose monitoring (cid:129) Diabetes care (cid:129) Electrochemical
biosensor (cid:129) Enzyme electrode (cid:129) Medical device (cid:129) Patient with diabetes (cid:129) Self-
monitoring of blood glucose (cid:129) Sensor coating (cid:129) System performance (cid:129) System
requirements
Contents
1 Introduction................................................................................... 3
2 GeneralAspectsofGlucoseMeasurement.................................................. 4
2.1 RequirementsforDevelopment,Manufacture,andSaleofGlucoseSensors
forDiabetesManagement.............................................................. 4
2.2 GlucoseMeasurementSystemsforDifferentUseCases............................. 7
2.3 GlucoseMeasurementTechnology.................................................... 9
3 Self-MonitoringofBloodGlucose(SMBG)................................................ 11
3.1 Requirements........................................................................... 12
3.2 MonitoringSystems.................................................................... 15
3.3 PerformanceofSystemsUsedforSMBG............................................. 24
3.4 SMBGOutlook......................................................................... 37
4 ContinuousGlucoseMonitoring(CGM).................................................... 38
4.1 Requirements........................................................................... 38
4.2 MonitoringSystems.................................................................... 44
4.3 PerformanceofCGMSystems........................................................ 68
4.4 CGMSystemOutlook................................................................. 74
5 Conclusion.................................................................................... 75
References........................................................................................ 77
Abbreviations
BGM Bloodglucosemonitoring
CGM Continuousglucosemonitoring
FAD-GDH FAD-dependentglucosedehydrogenase
FBGC Foreignbodygiantcell
GOx Glucoseoxidase
