Transformative Paleobotany : Papers to Commemorate the Life and Legacy of Thomas N. Taylor

658 Pages·2018·35.999 MB·English

by  Cúneo, Néstor Rubén, Harper, Carla J., Krings, Michael, Rothwell, Gar W. (eds.)

Papers to Commemorate the Life and Legacy of
Thomas N. Taylor
Edited by
Michael Krings
SNSB-Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology
Munich, Germany
Ludvvig-Maxin1il ians-U niversitat Munchen
Munich, Germany
The University of Kansas
La\vrence, Kansas, United States
J.
Carla Harper
The University of Kansas
La\vrence, Kansas, United States
SNSB-Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology
Munich, Germany
Nestor Ruben Cuneo
Museo Paleontol6gico Egidio Feruglio, and
National Research Counci l of Argentina
Trelew, Chubut, Argentina
Gar W. Rothwell
Ohio University
Athens, Ohio, United States
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon, United States
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Marepi.1an. 381U"1lll0HHbliii asropcK"1M npasoM
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Marep1,1an, 3a1141,1114eHH1>u,'i asropcK1'1M npasoM
Contents
Contributors 2. Early D evonian Woody Plants and
XII I
About the Editors XVII Implications for the Early Evolution
.
Fore\.vord XXI of Vascular Cambia
Acknowledgments
XXV
Patricia G. Gensel
1. Introduction 21
2. Background 21
Section I
2 .1 Previously Described Occurrences
Early Land Plants: Innovations and of Secondary Xylem in Fossil Plants 22
3. Previously Described Early Devonian Taxa 22
Adaptations
3 .1 Armoricaphyton chateaupannense 23
3.2 Unnamed New Brunswick Plant A:
1. The Evolutionary Origin of the Plant
Prelirninary Data 24
Spore in Relation to the Antithetic
3.3 Franhueberia gerriennii, Ernsian,
Origin of the Plant Sporophyte
Gaspe 26
3.4
Additional Occurrences of E1nsian
Paul K. Strother, Wilson A. Tavlor
,
Plants W ith Secondary Xylem:
1. Introduction 3
Preliminary Data 26
2. The Antithetic Theory as a Scaffold for
4. Comparisons 29
Interpreting the Fossil Record of the
5. Discussion 30
Algal-Plant Transition 4
5. 1 lmpl ications 30
3. Early Cryptospore Morphology 6
5.2 Evolution of Cambiun1 31
3 .1
Sporogenesis and Cryptospore
5.3
lnforn1ation From Developn1ental
M orphology 6
Studies 31
3.2 Early Cryptospore Topology 8
5.4 Psilophyton- One Taxon
3.3
Spore \Nal I Topology in Relation to
or Several? 32
the Sporopol lenin Transfer
5.5
Size is Decoupled From
Hypothesis 9
Secondary Tissues in These
3.4 The Evolutionary Developn1ental
Early Plants 32
and Morphological Significance of
6. Conclusions 32
Laminated Spore Wall
Acknowledgments 32
Structure 1 I
References 32
4. Cryptospores and the Origin of Meiosis
in Plants 13
3. Using Architecture M odeling of the
5. The Stratigraphic Record of the
Devonian Tree Pseudosporochnus to
Cryptospores as a Record of Sporophyte
Evolution 15 Compute Its Biomass
6. Interpreting Ordovician-Silurian
Anae1le Dambreville, Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud,
Phytodebris as a Record of Sporophyte
Jean-Franc;ois Barczi, Anne-Laure Decon1beix,
Evolution 17
Sebastien Griffon, Herve Rey
7. Conclusion 18
Acknowledgments 18 1. Introduction 35
References 18 2. Material 36
V
Marepi.1an. 381UJ.1lll0HHbliii asropcKJ.1M npasoM
vi Contents
3. Modeling Pseudosporochnus With 4. The Lirnitations of Charcoalified
AmapSim 36 Lagerstatten 61
3 .1 AmapSirn Software 36 4.1 Taphonomy 61
3.2 Pseudosporoc hn us Architectural 4.2 Con1parisons Between D ifferent
Unit 37 Preservation Types 62
3.3 Geometrical Parameters of 4.3 Diversity 63
Pseudosporochnus 38 5. Future Research 63
3.4 Pseudosporochnus Physiological 5 .1 New Localities 63
Age Indexing 40 5.2 Bulk Maceration and Sorting 63
4. Computing Biomass 40 5.3 Comprehensive Comparisons W ith
4.1 Biornass of a Pseudosporochnus the Dispersed Spore Record 64
Tree 40 5.4 Technological Advances in
4.2 Biomass of a Pseudosporochnus Anaton1 ica I Investigations 64
Stand 40 5.5 Geochemical Approaches 64
5. Results 40 Acknowledgments 65
5. I Simulating the Growth of References 65
Pseudosporochnus 40
5.
5.2 Carbon Al location in Early Tracheophyte Phylogeny:
Pseudosporochnus 40 A Preliminary Assess,nent of
5.3 Carbon Content and Biomass of a Homologies
Con1n1unity of Pseudosporochnus 41
Williarn L. Crepet, Karl J. Nik/as
6. Discussion 42
6.1 Con1puter Models of Fossil Plant
1. Introduction 69
Architecture 42
2. Materials and Methods 70
6.2 Model Accuracy 42
2. I Taxa Selection 70
6.3 Carbon Al location in
2.2 Characters and Character
Pseudosporochnus
43
70
Assignments
6.4 Forest Biomass 44
2.3 Algorithn1s and Philosophy 76
7. Conclusions 45
3. Results 76
Supplementary Figure 46
4. Discussion 79
Acknowledgments 46
4.1 An Incomplete Fossi I Record 81
References 46
4.2 An Insufficient Nurnber of
Characters and Character States 82
4. The Advantages and Frustrations of a
4.3
Rapid Radiations and Mosaic
Plant Lagerstatte as Illustrated by a
Evolution 82
New Taxon From the Lower
4.4 The Problern of Honiology 82
Devonian of the Welsh Borderland, UK 5. Conclusions 88
Appendices 88
Jennifer L. Morris, Dianne Edwards,
References 91
John 8. Richardson
Further Reading 92
1. Introduction 49
2. Geological Background and Previous
Research 52 Section
11
2 .1 Geological Background 52 Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Plants
2.2 Note,vorthy Advances by Previous
and Floras
Studies 53
3. New Research 54
6. Lower Permian Flora of the Sanzen-
3. I Material and Methods 54
bacher Ranch, Clay County, Texas
3.2 Morphology and Anatornical
Descriptions 54
William A. DiMichele, Robert· W. Hook,
3.3 Comparisons and Systernatics 59
Hans Kerp, Carol L. Hotton, Cindy V. Looy,
3.4 Functional, Physiological, and
Dan S. Chaney
Evolutionary Conundrurns 60
1. Introduction 95
2. Geology 95
Marepi.1an. 381U"1lll0HHbliii asropcK"1M npasoM
Contents vii
3. Collections 97 9. Pachytestopsis tayloriorum
4. Methods 98 gen. et sp. nov., an Anatomically
4.1 Macrofossils 98
Preserved G lossopterid Seed From
4.2 M icrofossils 101
the Lopingian of Queensland,
s.
Results 103
Australia
5 .1 Taxonomic Composition of the
Flora 103 Stephen Mcloughlin, Benjamin Bornfleur,
5.2 Quantitative Composition of the Andrew N. Drinnan
Flora 114
1. Introduction 155
6. Discussion 117
2. Geological Setting 155
6.1 Collecting 117
3. Material and Methods 156
6.2 Macroflora-Palynoflora (~o,nparison 120
4. Results 156
6.3 Broader Context of the
5. Discussion 165
Sanzenbacher Flora 121
5 .1 Affinities of the Seeds 165
7. Conclusions 123
5.2 Cornparison With Other Pern1ian
Acknowledgments 124
Gondwanan Seeds 166
References 124
5.3 (~lossopterid Seed Character States 172
5.4 Associated Pollen 172
7.
Permian Ginkgophytes of Angaraland
5.5 Taphonomy 175
6. Conclusions 175
Serge V. Naugolnykh
Acknowledgments 176
1. Introduction 127 References 176
2. Historical Background 130 Appendix 1 178
3. Material and Methods 130
4. Results 131 10. A Triassic Mystery Solved: Fertile
4.1 Leaves of Psygmophylloids 131 Pekinopteris From the Triassic of
4.2 Sphenobaiera-Like Leaves 133
North Carolina, United States
4.3 Grovvth Forms 133
4.4 Fen,ale Reproductive ()rgans 137 Brian Ax.smith, Judith Skog, Christian Pott
4.5 Male Fructi fications/Pol I in i ferous
1. Introduction 179
Organs 137
2. Geological Setting 180
5. Discussion 139
3. Material and Methods 180
Acknowledgments 141
3 .1 Discovery and Nature of the
References 141
Specin1ens 180
3.2 Preservation and Methods of
8. G lossopterid Plant Remains in Analysis 180
Permineralization: What Do They 4. Systematic Paleontology 180
Tell Us? 5. Discussion 181
5 .1 Structure and Life H istory 181
Harufurni Nishida, Kathleen B. Pigg,
5.2 Con,parisons and Potential
M elanie L. Devore a·)
1
Phylogenetic lmpl ications . .;,
1. Introduction 145 6. Conclusion 185
2. Material and Methods 146 Acknowledgment<; 185
3. Results 146 References 186
4. Discussion 148
4.1 Comparison VVith Previously 11 . Enigmatic, Structurally Preserved
Described, Anatomically Preserved Stems From the Triassic of Central
Glossopterid Ovulate Structures Europe: A Fern or Not a Fern?
and Ovules 148
Jean Ga/tier, Carla J. Harper, Ronny R6l3/er,
4.2 Morphological Comparison
Evelyn Kustatscher, Michael Krings
of Glossopterid and Angiospern,
Reproductive O rgans 151 1. Introduction 187
Acknowledgments 152 2. Historical Background 188
References 153 3. Geological Settings 190
Marep1-1an. 3a!Ul-1lll0HHbliii asropcK1-1M npasoM
viii Contents
4. Material and Methods 190 13. Aerodynamics of Fossil Pollen:
s.
Systematic Paleontology 196
Implications for Understanding
6. Results 197
Pollination Biology in Extinct Plants
6.1 Description 197
Lisa Grega, Adam Novotny, Christopher Stabile,
7. Discussion 202
Mackenzie L. Taylor, Charles P. Daghlian,
7 .1 Taxonorny 202
Jeffrey M. Osborn
7.2 Systematic ,~Jfinities 202
7.3 Growth Habit and Ecology 204
1. Introduction 253
7.4
Stelar Morphology of the Primary
2. Material and Methods 254
Vascular System 205
2 .1 Fossi I Materia I 254
8. Conclusions 207
2.2 Physical Scale Models 254
Acknowledgments 207
2 ·:1 Settling V1d ocity Experiments 255
References 207
2.4 Visualizing Wake Flow 257
2.5 Quantitatively Modeling Non-
spherical Particle Drag at Low
Reynolds Nu,nbers 257
Section
111
2.6 Calculating Drag c: oefficients and
Paleobiogeography, Biology, and
Shape Factors 258
Phylogenetic Relationships of Plants
3. Results 258
3 .1 Pollen Geo1netrv and Orientation 258
I
12. A Comprehensive Assessment of 3.2 Aerodynamic Coefficients 259
the Fossil Record of Liverworts in 3.3 Validation of Existing Mathe1nat-
Amber ical 1\t\odels to Predict Settling
Velocity 263
Jochen Heinrichs, Kathrin Feldberg,
3.4 Effect of Geometry Variations of
Julia Bechteler, Ledis Regalado,
Gothania on Settling Velocity 263
Matthew A.M. Renner, Alfons Schafer-
4. Discussion 264
Verwimp, Carsten Gro"hn, Patrick Muller,
4.1 Aerodynan1ic Implications of
Harald Schneider, Michael Krings
Pollen Geon1etry 264
1. Introduction 213 4.2 Aerodynamic lmpl ications
2. Material and Methods 217 of Sacci 266
2 .1 Amber Localities Yielding 4.3 Monoletes 268
s.
Conclusions 268
Liven,vort Fossils and Their
Ackno\vledgments 268
Geological Age 217
References 268
2.2 ln1agi ng of Fossi Is 218
2.3 Divergence Time Estin1ates 218
14. Escapia gen. nov.: Morphological
2.4 Lineage-Through-Ti me Plots and
Coding of Ecological Preferences 219 Evolution, Paleogeographic
3. Results 219 Diversification, and the
3 .1 Systen1atic Paleontology 225 Environmental D istribution of
4. Discussion 225 Marattialean Ferns Through Time
4.1 Identification of Incompletely
Gar W Rothwell, Michael A. Millay,
Preserved Amber Fossils 225
Ruth A. Stockey
4.2 Classification of Extant Liverv,orts 234
4.3 Independent Evidence Derived
1. Introduction 271
From Molecular Chronograms 238 2. Material and Methods 272
4.4 Amber Fossil Record and the
3. Systematic Paleontology 272
('.retaceous Terrestrial Revolution 239
3. I Systernatics 272
4.5 Hovv Complete Is the t\mber
3.2 Description 274
Fossi I Record of Liven,vorts? 240
3.3 Occurrences of M arattiales
s.
Conclusions and Future Prospects 241
Through Time 278
Acknowledgments 241
4. Discussion 281
References 241
4.1 Relationships of Escapia
Appendix: rbcL Accession Numbers 249
chri.stensenioides 281
Marepi.1an. 3a!U"1lll0HHbliii asropcK"1M npasoM
Contents ix
4.2 Characterization of the Families 16. Why Are Bryophytes So Rare in the
Psaroniaceae and Fossil Record? A Spotlight on
M arattiaceae 284
Taphonomy and Fossil Preservation
4.3 Aphlebia, Stipules, and Pulvini in
Alexandru M .F. Tomescu, Benjamin Bo,nfleur,
Eusporangiate Ferns and Fern-Like
Alexander C. Bippus, Adolfina Savoretti
Plants 285
4.4 Stratigraphic Range of the Fa,nily
1. Introduction 375
Psaroniaceae 285
2. Challenges to Traditional Views of the
4.5 Arrival of the Family M arattiaceae 286
Bryophyte Fossil Record 376
4.6 Floristic Turnover of Psaroniaceae
2 .1 Observations and Experimental
to M arattiaceae 286
Data on Extant Bryophytes 376
4.7 Paleoecology of the Psaroniaceae 287
2.2 Stratigraphic Range of Bryophytes 377
4.8 Paleogeographid Paleoclimatic
2.3 M odes of Fossi I Preservation 381
Distribution of Marattiales 288
2.4 Overview of the Bryophyte
5. Conclusions 288
M acrofossil Record 384
References 289
2.5 The Fossilization Potential of
Further Reading 293
Bryophytes Is On Par W ith That of
Appendix 1: Synangium Characters of
Tracheophytes 386
Escapia christensenioides Specimens 293
3. Bryophyte Taphonomy 386
Appendix 2: Paleontological
3 .1 Necrology 387
Occurrences of Marattialean Ferns 294
3.2 Biostratinomy 387
3.3 D iagenesis 388
15. Heterosporous Ferns From
3.4 Exquisite Bryophyte Fossi I
Patagonia: The Case of Azol/a
Preservation 389
3.5 A Taphonornic Surnmary of
C.
Facundo De Benedetti, Mana def Zamaloa,
Bryophyte Fossilization 390
Marta A. Gandolfo, Nestor Ruben Ciineo
4. Hun1an Bias 391
1. Introduction 361 5. Conclusions and Future Outlook 392
2. Material and Methods 361 Ackno\.vledgments 393
2 .1 Stratigraphy 361 References 393
2.2 Palynological Techniques 362 Appendix ·1 399
2.3 Tern1inology and Classification 362
3. Results 363
17. Fossil Seeds With Affinities to
3 .1 Systematic Palaebotany 363
Austrobaileyales and Nymphaeales
3.2 Specific Diagnosis 363
From the Early Cretaceous (Early to
3.3 DE:scription '.163
Middle Albian) of Virginia and
4. Discussion 366
Maryland, USA: New Evidence for
4.1 Comparison With Modern Azolla
Extensive Extinction Near the Base
Species 367
of the Angiosperm Tree
4.2
Comparison W ith Other Fossil
Azolla Species 367
Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane,
4.3 Taxonomy, Systernatics, and
Kaj R. Pedersen
Divergence Tirne Estin1ates 369
1. Introduction 417
4.4 Paleogeographical Remarks 369
2. Geological Setting 418
4.5 Paleoenvironmental Remarks 370
3. Material and Methods 418
5. Conclusions 371
4. Results 418
Acknowledgments 371
5. Discussion 430
References 371
.5. 1 Distinguishing Features for
Nitaspermum 430
Marep1-1an. 381Ul-1lll0HHbliii asropcK1-1M npasoM
x Contents
5.2 Comparison With Other Fossi I 15. Plant Cell Walls as Defense Against
Seeds 432 Endoparasitism 452
5.3 Con,parison \,Vith Seeds of Extant 16. Endoparasitic Prokaryotes in Plants 452
Angiosperms and Systematic 17. Building on the Reactive Oxygen
Assignment of the Fossil Seeds 433 Defensive System in Animals 453
6. Conclusion 434 18. Multicellularity as Defense Against
Acknowledgrnents 434 Endoparasites 453
References 434 19. Evolution of Apoptosis 454
20. Conclusions 454
Acknowledgments 455
Section IV References 455
Further Reading 460
Fossil Microorganisms
19. Fossils of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
18. Reactive Oxygen Defense Against
Fungi Give Insights Into the History
Cellular Endoparasites and the
of a Successful Partnership W ith
Origin of Eukaryotes
Plants
James F. White, Jr., Kathryn Kingsley,
Mark C. Brundrett, Christopher Walker,
Carla }. Harper, Satish K. Vern1a, Lara Brindisi,
Carla}. Harper, Michael Krings
Qiang Chen, Xiaoqian Chang, April Micci,
Marshall Bergen 1. Introduction 461
2. The Early History of Mycorrhizal Fungi 463
1. Introduction 439
3. Fungal Associations of Fossil Plants and
1. 1 J'v\odels for Eukaryogenesis 439
Their Living Equivalents 465
1.2 Overview of Proposed Model 440
4. Comparing Mycorrhizas in Fossil and
2. Frequent Invasion of Eukaryotic Cells
Modern Land Plants 474
by Diverse Microbes 440
Ackno,vledgments 475
2 .1 Bacterial Entry Into Eukaryotic
References 476
Cells 440
2.2
Bacteria Are Progra,ned for
20. Looking for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Endoparasitism 44 1
Fungi in the Fossil Record:
3. Were Archaea Victims of Endoparasi-
An Illustrated Guide
tism by Bacteria? 441
4. The Fossil Record of Endoparasitisrn 444
Christopher Walker, Carla J. Harper,
5. Reactive Oxygen Defense Response
Mark C. Brundrett, Michael Krings
of the Host Cell 446
6. ER and NADPH-Oxidase 449 1. Introduction 481
2. Materials Used to Illustrate the Guide 4f32
7. Membrane Sterols to Protect
3. Life Cycle of Extant AMF 4f32
Eukaryote Membranes From Reactive
Oxygen Damage 449 4. Structural Characteristics of AMF 482
8. Evolution of the Cytoskeleton 4.1 Arbuscules and Hyphal Coils 484
Network of Eukaryotic Cells 450 4.2 Vesicles 485
9. Evolution of the Nuclear Envelope 450 4.3 Spore Morphology, Development,
1 o. Evolution of Autophagy 450 and Germination 486
11. Evolution of M itochondria 450 4.4 Auxiliary Cells 497
12. Massive Genon,es as a Legacy of 4.5 Spore Wall 497
Endo parasitism 451 4.6 /\r1ycel ia I Structure 506
s.
13. Chloroplast Acquisition 45 1 Fine Root Endophytes 508
6. Sumrnary and O utlook 514
14. Fungal Cell Walls as an Adaptation to
Exclude Prokaryotic Endoparasites 451 Acknowledgments 515
References 515
Marepi.1an. 3a!U"1lll0HHbliii asropcK"1M npasoM
Contents xi
21. Exceptional Preservation of Sessile, 4. Lichens in Time: The Fungal and
Eukaryote Molecular Clock Revisited 563
Long-Stalked Microorganisms in the
5. Were the Ediacarans Lichens? 569
Lower Devonian W indyfield Chert
6. Protolichens: A Narro\v Prernise With
(Scotland) 519
Broad Implications? 573
Michael Krings, Carla }. Harper, Hans Kerp, 7. Are Aspergillus and Penicillium Derived
Edith L. Taylor From Lichenized Ancestors? 576
8. Lichens: Multiple Gains of a Successful
1. Introduction 519
Lifestyle 577
2. Geological Setting, Material, and
9. Conclusions 579
Methods 520
Acknowledgments 580
3. Results 520
References 580
4. Discussion 520
4.1 Affinities 520
4.2 Preservation in a Conservation
Section V
Trap 522
5. Conclusions 523 Antarctic Paleobotany
Acknowledgments 524
References 524 24. Polar Regions of the Mesozoic-
Paleogene Greenhouse World as
22. Morphological Convergence in
Refugia for Relict Plant Groups
Forest Microfungi Provides a Proxy
Benjarnin Bomfleur, Patrick Blomenkemper,
for Paleogene Forest Structure
Hans Kerp, Stephen Mcloughlin
Jouko Rikkinen, Alexander R. Schmidt
1. Introduction 593
1. Introduction 527 1. 1 The Dicroidium Plants 593
2. Morphology, Distribution, and Ecology 2. Material and M ethods 594
of Extant Calicioids 529 2 .1 D ispersed Cuticles Fron1 Section
2 .1 Morphology and Anaton1y 529 Peak 595
2.2 Distribution 532 2.2 Dispersed Cuticles From Shafer
2.3 Ecology 533 Peak 595
3. Fossil Calicioids Preserved in Amber 535 2.3 The Dicroicfium Assen1blage From
4. Discussion 540 Tirnber Peak 595
Acknowledgments 543 3. Results 595
References 543 4. Discussion 599
4.1 Relictual Dicroidiu,n Occurrences
23. Ediacarans, Protolichens, and
in the Jurassic of Antarctica 599
Lichen-Derived Penicillium: 4.2 Distribution of Dicroidiurn
A Critical Reassessment of the Through Space and Time 599
Evolution of Lichenization in Fungi 4.3 Pl ant Rel ictual ism in the High
Latitudes of a Greenhouse \A/orld 600
Robert Liicking, Matthew P. Nelsen
4.4 Analogies With Low- and
Mid-Latitude J\1ontane Refugia 605
1. Introduction 551
s.
Conclusions 605
2. What Constitutes a (Fossil) Lichen? 552
Ackno,-vledgments 607
3. Lichens and Lichen Symbiosis in the
References 607
Fossil Record 553
3 .1 Subfossils 553
25. Leaf Venation Density and
3.2 Brovvn c:oal (Lignite) Fossils .558
Calculated Physiological
3.3 Arnber Fossi Is .558
3.4 Three-Dimensional Perrnineralized Characteristics of Fossil Leaves
and Charcoalified Fossils 559 From the Per,nian of Gondwana 613
3.5
Adpression (Compression,
Andrew B. Schwende1nann
ln1pression) Fossi Is, Casts, and
M olds 560 1. Introduction 61 ·)
) J
3.6 Biochemical Signatures 561 2. Materials and M ethods 614
3.7 Evaluation of the Fossil Record of 2 .1 Stratigraphy 614
Lichens 561
Marep1-1an. 3a!Ul-1lll0HHbliii asropcK1-1M npasoM