Towards the semantic web : ontology-driven knowledge management

308 Pages·2003·3.195 MB·English

by  John Davies, Dieter Fensel, Frank Van Harmelen

TOWARDS THE
SEMANTIC WEB
Ontology-driven Knowledge Management
Edited by
Dr John Davies
British Telecommunications plc
Professor Dieter Fensel
University of Innsbruck, Austria
and Professor Frank van Harmelen
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Towardsthesemanticweb:ontology-drivenknowledgemanagement/editedbyJohnDavies,DieterFensel,
andFrankvanHarmelen.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-470-84867-7(alk.paper)
I.Semanticweb.2.Ontology.3.Knowledgeacquisition(Expertsystems)I.Davies,
John.II.Fensel,Dieter.III.VanHarmelen,Frank.
TK5105.88815.T682002
006.303–dc21
2002033103
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN0470848677
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyDeerparkPublishingServicesLtd,Shannon,Ireland.
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyBiddlesLtd,GuildfordandKing’sLynn.
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treesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.
Contents
Foreword xiii
Biographies xv
ListofContributors xix
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Introduction 1
JohnDavies,DieterFenselandFrankvanHarmelen
1.1 TheSemanticWebandKnowledgeManagement 2
1.2 TheRoleofOntologies 4
1.3 AnArchitectureforSemanticWeb-basedKnowledgeManagement 5
1.3.1 KnowledgeAcquisition 5
1.3.2 KnowledgeRepresentation 6
1.3.3 KnowledgeMaintenance 7
1.3.4 KnowledgeUse 7
1.4 ToolsforSemanticWeb-basedKnowledgeManagement 7
1.4.1 KnowledgeAcquisition 8
1.4.2 KnowledgeRepresentation 8
1.4.3 KnowledgeMaintenance 8
1.4.4KnowledgeUse8
2OILandDAML + OIL:OntologyLanguagesfortheSemanticWeb 11
DieterFensel,FrankvanHarmelenandIanHorrocks
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 TheSemanticWebPyramidofLanguages 12
2.2.1 XMLforDataExchange 12
2.2.2 RDFforAssertions 13
2.2.3 RDFSchemaforSimpleOntologies 14
2.3 DesignRationaleforOIL 15
2.3.1 Frame-basedSystems 16
2.3.2 DescriptionLogics 17
vi Contents
2.3.3 WebStandards:XMLandRDF 17
2.4 OILLanguageConstructs 17
2.4.1 ASimpleExampleinOIL 18
2.5 DifferentSyntacticForms 20
2.6 LanguageLayering 23
2.7 Semantics 26
2.8FromOILtoDAML +OIL 26
2.8.1 IntegrationwithRDFS 26
2.8.2 TreatmentofIndividuals 29
2.8.3DAML +OILDataTypes 29
2.9 ExperiencesandFutureDevelopments 31
3 AMethodologyforOntology-basedKnowledgeManagement 33
YorkSureandRudiStuder
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 FeasibilityStudy 34
3.3 KickOffPhase 38
3.4 RefinementPhase 41
3.5 EvaluationPhase 41
3.6 MaintenanceandEvolutionPhase 42
3.7 RelatedWork 42
3.7.1 SkeletalMethodology 43
3.7.2 KACTUS 44
3.7.3 Methontology 44
3.7.4 FormalToolsofOntologicalAnalysis 45
3.8 Conclusion 45
4 OntologyManagement:Storing,AligningandMaintainingOntologies 47
MichelKlein,YingDing,DieterFenselandBorysOmelayenko
4.1 TheRequirementforOntologyManagement 47
4.2 AligningOntologies 48
4.2.1 WhyisAligningNeeded 48
4.2.2 AligningAnnotatedXMLDocuments 49
4.2.3 MappingMeta-ontology 50
4.2.4 MappinginOIL 53
4.3 SupportingOntologyChange 54
4.3.1 OntologiesareChanging 54
4.3.2 ChangesinOntologiesInvolveSeveralProblems 55
4.3.3 ChangeManagement 58
4.4 OrganizingOntologies 61
4.4.1 SesameRequirements 62
4.4.2 FunctionalityofanOntologyStorageSystem 62
4.4.3 CurrentStorageSystems 64
4.4.4 RequirementsforaStorageSystem 66
4.5 Summary 69
Contents vii
5 Sesame:AGenericArchitectureforStoringandQueryingRDFandRDF
Schema 71
JeenBroekstra,ArjohnKampmanandFrankvanHarmelen
5.1 TheNeedforanRDFSQueryLanguage 72
5.1.1 QueryingattheSyntacticLevel 72
5.1.2 QueryingattheStructureLevel 73
5.1.3 QueryingattheSemanticLevel 75
5.2 SesameArchitecture 76
5.2.1 TheRQLQuerymodule 78
5.2.2 TheAdminModule 79
5.2.3 TheRDFExportModule 80
5.3 TheSAILAPI 80
5.4 Experiences 82
5.4.1 Application:On-To-Knowledge 82
5.4.2 RDFSinPractice 84
5.4.3 PostgreSQLandSAIL 84
5.4.4 MySQL 86
5.5 FutureWork 87
5.5.1 TransactionRollbackSupport 87
5.5.2 VersioningSupport 88
5.5.3 AddingandExtendingFunctionalModules 88
5.5.4 DAML1OILSupport 88
5.6 Conclusions 88
6 GeneratingOntologiesfortheSemanticWeb:OntoBuilder 91
R.H.P.EngelsandT.Ch.Lech
6.1 Introduction 91
6.1.1 OntoBuilderanditsRelationtotheCORPORUMSystem 92
6.1.2 OntoExtract 93
6.1.3 OntoWrapperandTableAnalyser 96
6.2 ReadingtheWeb 97
6.2.1 SemanticsontheInternet 97
6.2.2 ProblemswithRetrievingNaturalLanguageTextsfromDocuments 98
6.2.3 DocumentHandling 100
6.2.4 Normalization 100
6.2.5 MultipleDiscourses 101
6.2.6 DocumentClassCategorization 101
6.2.7 WritingStyle 102
6.2.8 LayoutIssues 102
6.3 InformationExtraction 103
6.3.1 Content-drivenVersusGoal-driven 103
6.3.2 LevelsofLinguisticAnalysis 104
6.3.3 CognITVision 107
6.4 KnowledgeGenerationfromNaturalLanguageDocuments 108
6.4.1 SyntaxVersusSemantics 108
6.4.2 GeneratingSemanticStructures 108
6.4.3 GeneratingOntologiesfromTextualResources 110
6.4.4 VisualizationandNavigation 111
viii Contents
6.5 IssuesinUsingAutomatedTextExtractionforOntologyBuildingusingIE
onWebResources 112
7 OntoEdit:CollaborativeEngineeringofOntologies 117
YorkSure,MichaelErdmannandRudiStuder
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 KickOffPhase 118
7.3 RefinementPhase 123
7.3.1 TransactionManagement 124
7.3.2 LockingSub-treesoftheConceptHierarchy 126
7.3.3 WhatDoesLockingaConceptMean? 127
7.4 EvaluationPhase 128
7.4.1 AnalysisofTypicalQueries 128
7.4.2 ErrorAvoidanceandLocation 129
7.4.3 UsageofCompetencyQuestions 129
7.4.4 CollaborativeEvaluation 130
7.5 RelatedWork 130
7.6 Conclusion 131
8 QuizRDF:SearchTechnologyfortheSemanticWeb 133
JohnDavies,RichardWeeksandUweKrohn
8.1 Introduction 133
8.2 OntologicalIndexing 135
8.3 OntologicalSearching 138
8.4 Alternativedatamodels 141
8.4.1 IndexingintheNewModel 141
8.4.2 SearchingintheNewModel 142
8.5 FurtherWork 142
8.5.1 TechnicalEnhancements 142
8.5.2 Evaluation 143
8.6 ConcludingRemarks 143
9 Spectacle 145
ChristiaanFluit,HerkoterHorst,JosvanderMeer,MartaSabou
andPeterMika
9.1 Introduction 145
9.2 SpectacleContentPresentationPlatform 145
9.2.1 OntologiesinSpectacle 146
9.3 SpectacleArchitecture 147
9.4 Ontology-basedMappingMethodology 147
9.4.1 InformationEntities 149
9.4.2 OntologyMapping 149
9.4.3 EntityRendering 150
9.4.4 NavigationSpecification 150
9.4.5 NavigationRendering 151
9.4.6 Views 152
9.4.7 UserProfiles 152
Contents ix
9.5 Ontology-basedInformationVisualization 153
9.5.1 Analysis 153
9.5.2 Querying 156
9.5.3 Navigation 158
9.6 Summary:Semantics-basedWebPresentations 159
10OntoShare:EvolvingOntologiesinaKnowledgeSharingSystem 161
JohnDavies,AlistairDukeandAudriusStonkus
10.1 Introduction 161
10.2 SharingandRetrievingKnowledgeinOntoShare 162
10.2.1 SharingKnowledgeinOntoShare 163
10.2.2 OntologicalRepresentation 164
10.2.3 RetrievingExplicitKnowledgeinOntoShare 167
10.3 CreatingEvolvingOntologies 169
10.4 ExpertiseLocationandTacitKnowledge 170
10.5 SociotechnicalIssues 172
10.5.1 TacitandExplicitKnowledgeFlows 172
10.5.2 VirtualCommunities 173
10.6 EvaluationandFurtherWork 175
10.7 ConcludingRemarks 176
11OntologyMiddlewareandReasoning 179
AtanasKiryakov,KirilSimovandDamyanOgnyanov
11.1 OntologyMiddleware:FeaturesandArchitecture 179
11.1.1 PlaceintheOn-To-KnowledgeArchitecture 181
11.1.2 Terminology 182
11.2 TrackingChanges,VersioningandMeta-information 183
11.2.1 RelatedWork 184
11.2.2 Requirements 184
11.3 VersioningModelforRDF(S)Repositories 185
11.3.1 History,PassingthroughEquivalentStates 188
11.3.2 VersionsareLabelledStatesoftheRepository 188
11.3.3 ImplementationApproach 188
11.3.4 Meta-information 190
11.4Instanc eReasoningforDAML+OIL 192
11.4.1 InferenceServices 194
11.4.2 FunctionalInterfacestoaDAML +OILReasoner 195
12Ontology-basedKnowledgeManagementatWork:TheSwissLifeCase
Studies 197
UlrichReimer,PeterBrockhausen,ThorstenLauandJacquelineR.Reich
12.1 Introduction 197
12.2 SkillsManagement 198
12.2.1 WhatisSkillsManagement? 198
12.2.2 SkiM:SkillsManagementatSwissLife 200
12.2.3 ArchitectureofSkiM 202
12.2.4 SkiMasanOntology-basedApproach 203
x Contents
12.2.5 QueryingFacilities 207
12.2.6 EvaluationandOutlook 208
12.3 AutomaticallyExtractinga‘LightweightOntology’fromText 209
12.3.1 Motivation 209
12.3.2 AutomaticOntologyExtraction 210
12.3.3 EmployingtheOntologyforQuerying 213
12.3.4 EvaluationandOutlook 215
12.4 Conclusions 217
13FieldExperimentingwithSemanticWebToolsinaVirtualOrganization 219
VictorIosif,PeterMika,RikardLarssonandHansAkkermans
13.1 Introduction 219
13.2 TheEnerSearchIndustrialResearchConsortiumasaVirtualOrganization 219
13.3 WhyMightSemanticWebMethodsHelp? 222
13.4 DesignConsiderationsofSemanticWebFieldExperiments 223
13.4.1 DifferentInformationModes 224
13.4.2 DifferentTargetUserGroups 224
13.4.3 DifferentIndividualCognitiveStyles 225
13.4.4 HypothesestobeTested 228
13.5 ExperimentalSet-upinaVirtualOrganization 229
13.5.1 SelectingTargetTestUsers 229
13.5.2 ToolsforTest 230
13.5.3 TestTasksandtheirOrganization 230
13.5.4 ExperimentalProcedure 231
13.5.5 DeterminingWhatDatatoCollect 232
13.5.6 EvaluationMatrixandMeasurements 233
13.6 TechnicalandSystemAspectsofSemanticWebExperiments 234
13.6.1 SystemDesign 234
13.6.2 OntologyEngineering,Population,Annotation 235
13.7 Ontology-basedInformationRetrieval:WhatDoesitLookLike? 236
13.7.1 OntologyandSemanticSitemaps 236
13.7.2 Semantics-basedInformationRetrieval 239
13.8 SomeLessonsLearned 241
14AFuturePerspective:ExploitingPeer-to-PeerandtheSemanticWebfor
KnowledgeManagement 245
DieterFensel,SteffenStaab,RudiStuder,FrankvanHarmelen
andJohnDavies
14.1 Introduction 245
14.2 AVisionofModernKnowledgeManagement 247
14.2.1 KnowledgeIntegration 247
14.2.2 KnowledgeCategorization 247
14.2.3 ContextAwareness 248
14.2.4 Personalization 248
14.2.5 KnowledgePortalConstruction 249
14.2.6 CommunitiesofPractice 249
14.2.7 P2PComputinganditsImplicationsforKM 250
Contents xi
14.2.8 VirtualOrganizationsandtheirImpact 251
14.2.9 eLearningSystems 251
14.2.10 TheKnowledgeGrid 251
14.2.11 IntellectualCapitalValuation 252
14.3 AVisionofOntologies:DynamicNetworksofMeaning 252
14.3.1 OntologiesorHowtoEscapeaParadox 253
14.3.2 HeterogeneityinSpace:OntologyasNetworksofMeaning 254
14.3.3 DevelopmentinTime:LivingOntologies 255
14.4 Peer-2-Peer,OntologiesandKnowledge 256
14.4.1 Shortcomings of Peer-2-Peer and Ontologies as Isolated Para-
digms 256
14.4.2 ChallengesinIntegratingPeer-2-PeerandOntologies 258
14.5 Conclusions 263
14.5.1 P2PforKnowledgeManagement 263
14.5.2 P2PforOntologies 263
14.5.3 OntologiesforP2PandKnowledgeManagement 264
14.5.4 CommunityBuilding 264
15Conclusions:Ontology-drivenKnowledgeManagement–Towardsthe
SemanticWeb? 265
JohnDavies,DieterFenselandFrankvanHarmelen
References 267
Index 281