Table Of ContentNew Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives 28
João Romão
Tourism,
Territory and
Sustainable
Development
Theoretical Foundations and Empirical
Applications in Japan and Europe
New Frontiers in Regional Science:
Asian Perspectives
Volume 28
Editor in Chief
Yoshiro Higano, University of Tsukuba
Managing Editors
Makoto Tawada (General Managing Editor), Aichi Gakuin University
Kiyoko Hagihara, Bukkyo University
Lily Kiminami, Niigata University
Editorial Board
Yasuhiro Sakai (Advisor Chief Japan), Shiga University
Yasuhide Okuyama, University of Kitakyushu
Zheng Wang, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Yuzuru Miyata, Toyohashi University of Technology
Hiroyuki Shibusawa, Toyohashi University of Technology
Saburo Saito, Fukuoka University
Makoto Okamura, Hiroshima University
Moriki Hosoe, Kumamoto Gakuen University
Budy Prasetyo Resosudarmo, Crawford School of Public Policy, ANU
Shin-Kun Peng, Academia Sinica
Geoffrey John Dennis Hewings, University of Illinois
Euijune Kim, Seoul National University
Srijit Mishra, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Amitrajeet A. Batabyal, Rochester Institute of Technology
Yizhi Wang, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences
Daniel Shefer, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Akira Kiminami, The University of Tokyo
Jorge Serrano, National University of Mexico
Advisory Board
Peter Nijkamp (Chair, Ex Officio Member of Editorial Board), Tinbergen Institute
Rachel S. Franklin, Brown University
Mark D. Partridge, Ohio State University
Jacques Poot, University of Waikato
Aura Reggiani, University of Bologna
New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives
This series is a constellation of works by scholars in the field of regional science and
in related disciplines specifically focusing on dynamism in Asia.
Asia is the most dynamic part of the world. Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore
experienced rapid and miracle economic growth in the 1970s. Malaysia, Indonesia,
and Thailand followed in the 1980s. China, India, and Vietnam are now rising
countries in Asia and are even leading the world economy. Due to their rapid
economic development and growth, Asian countries continue to face a variety of
urgent issues including regional and institutional unbalanced growth, environmental
problems, poverty amidst prosperity, an ageing society, the collapse of the bubble
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Asian countries are diversified as they have their own cultural, historical, and
geographical as well as political conditions. Due to this fact, scholars specializing
in regional science as an inter- and multi-discipline have taken leading roles in
providing mitigating policy proposals based on robust interdisciplinary analysis of
multifaceted regional issues and subjects in Asia. This series not only will present
unique research results from Asia that are unfamiliar in other parts of the world
because of language barriers, but also will publish advanced research results from
those regions that have focused on regional and urban issues in Asia from different
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The series aims to expand the frontiers of regional science through diffusion of
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and urban issues in the world are so vast that their established methodologies still
have space for development and refinement, and to understand the importance of
the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach that is inherent in regional
science for analyzing and resolving urgent regional and urban issues in Asia.
Topics under consideration in this series include the theory of social cost and
benefit analysis and criteria of public investments, socio-economic vulnerability
against disasters, food security and policy, agro-food systems in China, industrial
clustering in Asia, comprehensive management of water environment and resources
in a river basin, the international trade bloc and food security, migration and labor
market in Asia, land policy and local property tax, Information and Communication
Technology planning, consumer “shop-around” movements, and regeneration of
downtowns, among others.
Researchers who are interested in publishing their books in this Series should obtain
a proposal form from Yoshiro Higano (Editor in Chief, [email protected]) and return
the completed form to him.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13039
João Romão
Tourism, Territory and
Sustainable Development
Theoretical Foundations and Empirical
Applications in Japan and Europe
João Romão
Centre for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics
University of Algarve
Faro, Portugal
Regional Economics and Business Network
Hokkaido University
Sapporo, Japan
ISSN 2199-5974 ISSN 2199-5982 (electronic)
New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives
ISBN 978-981-13-0425-5 ISBN 978-981-13-0426-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0426-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940531
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Preface
This book is the result of an extensive and diversified research work undertaken
since the completion of my Ph.D. (2012), covering a large set of topics on the
spatial-e conomic aspects of tourism, with different territorial levels in different
countries. Most of these works are briefly summarized along the book, comprising
15 case studies complementing the theoretical and conceptual analysis presented.
During these 6 years, I had the privilege to cooperate with a diversified group of
researchers, with different nationalities and working in different parts of the world.
The diversity of these working experiences in different countries and cultural con-
texts clearly contributed to enrich my knowledge, while opening the opportunity to
develop the comprehensive analysis of contemporary tourism dynamics offered in
this book. I am extremely grateful to all of them.
In particular, Peter Nijkamp (Tinbergen Institute, the Netherlands) has been a
permanent source of support and inspiration for my career. His continuous propos-
als to develop new research topics, his critical observations, suggestions and
remarks, and his motivation to participate actively in a large part of my empirical
studies were crucial to all my academic work. This close collaboration is clearly
expressed through Peter’s participation in 10 of the case studies presented in the
book (2.1, 2.3, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.3, and 5.4).
Another long, regular, and enriching collaboration I had the opportunity to
develop was with Bart Neuts (Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand),
who complements his interest in the tourism sector with a deep knowledge on
advanced econometric methods. Bart was involved in 7 of the case studies presented
(2.1, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, and 5.2), developing the sophisticated and useful econo-
metric models applied in all of them.
I am also grateful to Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) for
supporting a significant part of the research conducting to the publication of this
book through a post-doctoral research grant (BPD/98938/2013), under supervision
of João Guerreiro (University of Algarve, Portugal) and Paulo MM Rodrigues
(Nova School of Business and Economics, Portugal). They also contributed actively
for the articles presented as case studies 2.2 (whose econometric model was devel-
oped by Rodrigues) and 3.2.
v
vi Preface
With less regular collaborations, I would like to thank all the other co-authors
who have participated in the production of the case studies presented along the
book. Asami Shikida, from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,
Japan (2.1, 3.3, and 4.1); Eveline van Leeuwen, from Wageningen University, the
Netherlands (3.4 and 4.2); Kazuo Machino, from Hokkaido University, Japan (5.3
and 5.4); Karima Kourtit, from Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, the
Netherlands (4.4); and Hisamitsu Saito, from Hokkaido University, Japan (5.1).
The collaboration with different Japanese researchers and the study of diverse
aspects of tourism in Japan would not have been possible without the invitation
from Hokkaido University to work as a Special Appointed Lecturer. I am deeply
honored for having this opportunity.
Finally, I would like to thank all my family in Portugal for their permanent per-
sonal support during very long stays in Japan over the last 3 years. And I would like
to dedicate this book to my wife, who made my life in Japan, not only possible and
productive, but also extremely beautiful:
to Maki, with love!
Sapporo, Japan João Romão
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Tourism Economic Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Measuring Economic Impacts of Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 The Tourism Area Life Cycle Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Tourism and Regional Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5 Evolutionary Economic Geography: History and Place
in Tourism Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Case Study 2.1: Market Segmentation and Tourism Economic
Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Case Study 2.2: Tourism and Regional Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Case Study 2.3: Tourism and Regional Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3 Tourism, a Place-Based Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2 Nature and the Sustainable Use of Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3 Culture and Tourism in the Experience Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4 Authenticity, Interpretation, and Perceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5 Destination Differentiation and Market Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Case Study 3.1: Nature, Culture, and Tourism Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Case Study 3.2: Nature, Culture, and Value Added by Tourism . . . . . . . . 57
Case Study 3.3: Motivations, Segmentation, Loyalty, and Urban
Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Case Study 3.4: Motivations and Segmentation in Ecotourism . . . . . . . . 60
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
vii
viii Contents
4 Tourism: A Knowledge-Based Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2 ICT, Smart Tourism, and Co-creation of Images, Experiences,
and Destinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.3 Tourism, Creativity, and Regional Innovation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.4 Creative Tourism and the Smart City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.5 Tourism and Contemporary Urban Social and Spatial
Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Case Study 4.1: Information and Satisfaction in an Ecotourism
Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Case Study 4.2: E-Services in Urban Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Case Study 4.3: Tourism, Innovation, and Regional Specialization . . . . . 87
Case Study 4.4: Urban Attractiveness for Tourists and Residents . . . . . . 89
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5 Tourism Dynamics and Regional Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . 95
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.2 Competitiveness and Sustainability in Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.3 Tourism for Community Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.4 Wellness and Sustainable Tourism Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.5 The Commons in Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Case Study 5.1: Tourism Dynamics and Regional Competitiveness . . . . 118
Case Study 5.2: Tourism and Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Case Study 5.3: Sustainable Wellness Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Case Study 5.4: Wellness Tourism and Community Development . . . . . . 122
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6 Spatial-Economic Impacts of Tourism on Regional
Development: Contemporary Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.2 Problematizing Contemporary Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.2.1 Nature and Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.2.2 Innovation and Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.2.3 Tourism and Regional Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.2.4 Tourism and Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.3 Conceptual Framework for a New Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.3.1 Authenticity, Significance, the Environmental
Paradox, and the Importance of Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.3.2 Smart Tourism, Co-creation of Destinations
and Experiences, and the Importance of Information . . . . . . 137
6.3.3 Tourism Life Cycle, Path Dependence,
and the Importance of History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.3.4 Integrative Diversification, Specialization,
and the Importance of Variety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Contents ix
6.4 Outlook: Challenges for Tourism in the Twenty-First
Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4.1 Memorable Trips: Sustainable Use of Resources
for Personalized Significant Experiences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.4.2 Diverse Economies: Tourism in the Context
of a Creative Innovative Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.4.3 Shared Spaces: Communities, Participatory
Governance, and Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
