Tocotrienols: Vitamin E Beyond Tocopherols

424 Pages·2008·8.97 MB·English

by  Ronald Ross Watson

TOCOTRIENOLS
VITAMIN E BEYOND
TOCOPHEROLS
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TOCOTRIENOLS
VITAMIN E BEYOND
TOCOPHEROLS
EDITED BY
Ronald Ross Watson
Victor R. Preedy
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Tocotrienols : vitamin E beyond tocopherols / editor(s), Ronald R. Watson, Victor R. Preedy.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑8037‑7 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Tocotrienol. I. Watson, Ronald R. (Ronald Ross) II. Preedy, Victor R. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Tocotrienols. QU 179 T631 2008]
QP772.T6T63 2008
612.3’99‑‑dc22 2008018922
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Foreword............................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgment...............................................................................................................................xi
Part a Introduction and Overview
Chapter 1 Tocotrienols:.A.Review.................................................................................................3
Alexander G. Schauss
Chapter 2 Tocotrienols.in.Vitamin.E:.Hype.or.Science?.............................................................13
Neil E. Levin and Dallas L. Clouatre
Part B Sources
Chapter 3 Tocotrienols:.Distribution.and.Sources.Cereals—Role.in.Human.Health.................23
Henryk Zielinski
Chapter 4 Tocotrienols.in.Plants:.Sources.and.Importance.........................................................43
Liva Harinantenaina
Chapter 5 Vitamin.E:.Natural.vs..Synthetic................................................................................61
Amy Kosowski and Dallas L. Clouatre
Part C Chemistry of tocotrienols
Chapter 6 Angiogenesis.Inhibition..............................................................................................79
Kiyotaka Nakagawa, Akira Shibata, Phumon Sookwong and Teruo Miyazawa
Chapter 7 Chemistry.of.Tocotrienols...........................................................................................85
Sanchita P. Ghosh, Martin Hauer-Jensen and K. Sree Kumar
Part D Mechanisms of action
Chapter 8 Antioxidant.Activity.of.Tocotrienols.in.Cells.and.Serum..........................................99
Rossella Simone and Paola Palozza

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i Tocotrienols: Vitamin E Beyond Tocopherols
Chapter 9 Antioxidant.Action.of.Tocotrienols.and.Tocopherols.in.Solution.and.
Membranes:.Chemical.and.Physical.Effects.............................................................109
Yasukazu Yoshida and Etsuo Niki
Chapter 10 Antiproliferative.and.Apoptotic.Effects.of.Tocotrienols.on.Normal.and.
Neoplastic.Mammary.Epithelial.Cells......................................................................119
Paul W. Sylvester
Chapter 11 DNA.Polymerase.Inhibition......................................................................................141
Yoshiyuki Mizushina, Hiromi Yoshida and Teruo Miyazawa
Chapter 12 Tocotrienols.in.Altering.the.Expression.of.Adhesion.Molecules.............................149
Yuji Naito and Toshikazu Yoshikawa
Chapter 13 Uptake,.Distribution.and.Protective.Action.of.Tocotrienols.in.Cultured.Cells........159
Noriko Noguchi, Yoshiro Saito and Etsuo Niki
Part E Cancer Prevention and treatment
Chapter 14 Anticancer.Effects.of.Tocotrienols.and.Tocopherols.Irrespective.of.
Anti-Oxidative.Properties.........................................................................................171
Tomohiro Yano and Nantiga Virgona
Chapter 15 Role.of.the.MevalonatePathway.in.Tocotrienol-Mediated.Tumor.Suppression........185
Huanbiao Mo and Charles E. Elson
Chapter 16 Telomerase.Inhibition................................................................................................209
Takahiro Eitsuka, Kiyotaka Nakagawa and Teruo Miyazawa
Part F Heart Disease
Chapter 17 Tocopherol.and.Tocotrienols:.Role.in.Heart.Disease.Care.and.Prevention..............219
Vijaya Juturu
Chapter 18 Tocotrienols.and.the.Regulation.of.Cholesterol.Biosynthesis...................................237
Jiao Cao, Wei Qi and Bao-Liang Song
Chapter 19 Tocotrienols.in.Cardiometabolic.Diseases................................................................257
Barrie Tan and Anne M. Mueller
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Contents ii
Chapter 20 Tocotrienols.in.Hyperlipidemic.Conditions..............................................................275
Jahangir Iqbal and Mohammad Minhajuddin
Chapter 21 Vitamin.E.Isomers,.Tocotrienols,.in.Cardioprotection.............................................285
Samarjit Das, Manika Das and Dipak K. Das
Part G Metabolism and absorption
Chapter 22 Absorption.and.Disposition.of.Tocotrienols.............................................................297
Kah-Hay Yuen, Bee-Hong Ng and Jia-Woei Wong
Chapter 23 Metabolism.of.Tocopherols.and.Tocotrienols.and.Novel.Functions.of.Their.
Metabolites................................................................................................................309
Qing Jiang
Chapter 24 Tocotrienols.Activate.the.Steroid.and.Xenobiotic.Receptor.SXR.to.Modulate.
Small.Molecule.Metabolism.....................................................................................331
Kameran R. Johnson, Tiffany Hsu and Bruce Blumberg
Part H Health Promotion
Chapter 25 Tocotrienols.in.the.Potential.Treatment.of.Infectious.Disease.................................343
Anne M. Mueller, Barrie Tan and Elizabeth S. Stuart
Chapter 26 Tocotrienols.as.Natural.Neuroprotective.Vitamins..................................................361
Chandan K. Sen, Savita Khanna and Sashwati Roy
Chapter 27 Gamma-Tocotrienol:.Potential.as.a.Countermeasure.against.Radiological.
Threat........................................................................................................................379
K. Sree Kumar, Sanchita P. Ghosh and Martin Hauer-Jensen
Index...............................................................................................................................................399
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Foreword
Fat-soluble.vitamins.have.their.root.in.the.1913.discovery.by.Elmer.V..McCollum,.Thomas.B..
Osborne.and.Lafayette.B..Mendel,.who.isolated.a.growth-producing.substance.from.egg.yolks..The.
substance.appeared.quite.different.from.the.water-soluble.vitamins.already.discovered..In.1916,.
McCollum.went.on.to.show.that.at.least.two.factors.were.responsible.for.the.normal.growth.of.rats,.
factors.he.named.fat-soluble.A.and.water-soluble.B..McCollum.therefore.is.credited.with.initiating.
the.custom.of.labeling.vitamins.by.letters..Vitamin.E.was.discovered.in.1922.in.green.leafy.veg-
etables.by.University.of.California.researchers.Herbert.Evans.and.Katherine.Bishop..In.1924,.Sure.
named.it.vitamin.E.
In.1926,.the.February.15th.issue.of.TIME.magazine.reported.that:
From.the.University.of.California,.Drs..Herbert.M..Evans.and.K..S..Bishop.last.week.announced.
through.the.California.State.Board.of.Health.the.influence.of.the.mysterious.Vitamin.X.which.they.
now.have.renamed.E..This.vitamin.stimulates.reproduction.in.animals,.prevents.sterility..It.is.a.complex.
organic.compound,.like.the.four.other.known.vitamins,.and.occurs.in.lettuce,.wheat.germs,.alfalfa.and.
egg.yolk..Because.humans.eat.largely.of.these.foods,.the.discovery.has.little.bearing.on.their.habits.
Although.it.was.eight.decades.ago.that.we.thought.we.were.successful.in.demystifying.the.
X-factor.in.vitamin.E,.it.is.my.observation.that.a.considerable.fraction.of.today’s.nutritional.com-
munity.assume.that.vitamin.E.is.synonymous.with.tocopherol..In.fact,.natural.vitamin.E.includes.
eight.chemically.distinct.molecules:.α-,.β-,.γ-.and.δ-tocopherol;.and.α-,.β-,.γ-.and.δ-tocotrienol..
However,.until.less.than.5.years.ago,.the.authoritative.Merck Manual.defined.vitamin.E.as.the.fol-
lowing:.“Vitamin.E.(tocopherol).is.a.generic.term.for.compounds.that.have.a.6-chromanol.ring,.an.
isoprenoid.sidechain,.and.the.biologic.activity.of.α-tocopherol..The.vitamin.E.group.contains.α-,.
β-, γ-,.and.δ-tocopherols,.which.vary.in.extent.to.which.the.chromanol.ring.is.methylated.”.Note.the.
omission.of.tocotrienols.
In.the.current.literature,.more.than.95%.of.all.studies.on.vitamin.E.are.directed.toward.the.
specific.study.of.α-tocopherol..The.other.forms.of.natural.vitamin.E.remain.poorly.understood..
The.abundance.of.α-tocopherol.in.the.human.body.and.the.comparable.efficiency.of.all.vitamin.E.
molecules.as.antioxidants.led.biologists.to.neglect.the.non-tocopherol.vitamin.E.molecules.as.top-
ics.for.basic.and.clinical.research..Recent.developments.warrant.a.serious.reconsideration.of.this.
conventional.wisdom..The.tocotrienol.subfamily.of.natural.vitamin.E.possesses.powerful.neuropro-
tective,.anti-cancer.and.cholesterol.lowering.properties.that.are.often.not.exhibited.by.tocopherols..
Current.developments.in.vitamin.E.research.clearly.indicate.that.members.of.the.vitamin.E.family.
are.not.redundant.with.respect.to.their.biological.functions..α-Tocotrienol,.γ-tocopherol.and.δ-toco-
trienol.have.emerged.as.vitamin.E.molecules.with.functions.in.health.and.disease.that.are.clearly.
distinct.from.that.of.α-tocopherol..At.nanomolar.concentration,.α-tocotrienol,.not.α-tocopherol,.
prevents.neurodegeneration..On.a.concentration.basis,.this.finding.represents.the.most.potent.of.all.
biological.functions.exhibited.by.any.natural.vitamin.E.molecule..In.light.of.the.emergent.literature,.
the.Merck Manual.seems.to.have.recognized.the.incompleteness.of.its.definition.cited.above.and.
currently.has.included.tocotrienols.to.define.vitamin.E.as:.“Vitamin.E.is.a.group.of.compounds.
(including.tocopherols.and.tocotrienols).that.have.similar.biologic.activities..The.most.biologically.
active.is.α-tocopherol,.but.β-,.γ-,.and.δ-tocopherols,.four.tocotrienols.and.several.stereoisomers.
may.also.have.important.biologic.activity.”.Here,.that.α-tocopherol.is.most.biologically.active.begs.
further.consideration..For.example,.this.does.not.seem.to.be.true.for.the.neuroprotective.properties.
of.vitamin.E.
ix
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