Table Of Content—
THOMAS
WALTER
TYPIFICATION
PROJECT,
VI:
AN
NEOTYPES FOR ADDITIONAL WALTER NAMES
18
B.Ward
Daniel
ABSTRACT
as published by Thomas Walter in 1788. Because of the early date of this flora, many of species were new
its
t
es to represent an additional 18 Thomas Walter names.
RESUMEN
In the 1780s, Thomas Walter (1740-1789) owned and operated a rice plantation on the Santee River, Berkeley
him
County, South Carolina. His interest in the plants of the area led to compile a simple flora in which
he gave them descriptions and Latin names. This book, Flora Caroliniana (1788), the treatment of
is first
American
plants employing the binomial nomenclature and sexual classification system of Linnaeus. Of
even greater importance, the early date of this publication has given many of his names priority over those
of later authors.
This paper largely completes typification of the plant names published by Walter in his pioneer
Flora.
By the selection of type specimens to represent these names, they become fixed in their meaning, bringing
nomenclature
stability to the of this portion of the Southeastern
flora.
Walter kept no herbarium (Ward 2007a). In the absence of authentic original materials, the International
—
Code
of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et 2006) permits selection of another specimen a neotype
al.
to represent the missing type.
The Thomas Walter Typification Project (Ward 2006a, 2007b, 2007c, 2007d, 2008) and ancillary
studies (Ward 2006b, 2007e, 2007f, 2007g) have addressed the typification of many of the names assigned
to American plants by Walter. These studies also treat aspects of the relationship between Walter and the
Scottish horticulturist John Fraser. Fraser's herbarium (the Fraser/Walter herbarium, BM), gathered in the
Carolinas and Georgia in 1787, was briefly seen by Walter, but largely irrelevant to typification of Walter's
is
names. Selection of collections made by other persons is the only pathway to stability of the great majority
names.
of Walter's
In previous numbers of the Project (2007d, 2008), the Harvard University Herbaria (GH) were the
source of selected specimens. Here, for those species not adequately represented in the holdings of that
institution, the herbaria of the University of South Carolina (USCH) and Duke University (DUKE) have
provided specimens
of quality appropriate for selection as neotypes.
With common
names
inclusion of the species treated here, essentially of Walter's that are in use have
all
now
been assigned types, as have an appreciable number of Walter's names usually referred synonymy.
to
Still other of his names that have been treated as synonyms, or are unidentified as to their modern mean-
A
ing, remain unaddressed. subsequent number of the Project, now in preparation, provide an index
Thomas
to typification or other disposition of Walter names.
all
An
Specimen not otherwise
additional 18 of Walter's species are here assigned neotypes. citations,
if
(Ward The
attributed, are to the Fraser/Walter herbarium (BM) as described elsewhere 2006a). typifications
are presented in the format employed previously, in alphabetical sequence, using the names given them by
Thomas
Walter.
TYPIFICATIONS
Walter's name: Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walter 98)
(p.
Modern Amsonia tabernaemontana
name: Walt.
Typical Amsonia tabernaemontana, with ovate leaves, rare in eastern SC, frequent westward. The narrow-
is
leaved (Pursh) Woodson frequent on the SC coastal plain. Walter described his plant with
var. salicifolia is
leaves "ovatis" Spm. 5-C, labeled "Amsonia Tabernaemontana" by Fraser, has the broader leaves of the typical
may
variety; there no evidence was seen by Walter. Though the ovate-leaved form not have been the
is it
(Woodson
variation most familiar to Walter, to preserve accepted usage 1928: 406) a wide-leaved speci-
men, Smith 1114, 3 June 1941 - USCH, from Witherspoon Island, Darlington County, South Carolina, is here
name
neotype Amsorda tabernaemontana Walt. has been suggested that Walter's must have
selected as for
It
been taken from Tabernaemontana amsonia L. (1762) and that Walter's type must therefore be the same as
Linnaeus Pringle, pers. comm, Dec 2005). In such case, Walter's name would be superfluous and thus
(J.S.
illegitimate. Selection of a Walter neotype leaves the suggestion in the realm of conjecture.
Anemone
Walter's name: caroliniana Walter 157)
(p.
Anemone
Modern name: caroliniana Walt.
Very rare in SC counties, inland), rare also in central GA. This distant range indicates the species
(3 all
was probably brought to Walter by John Fraser. There is no specimen in the Fraser/Walter herbarium (BM).
SW
DUKE
Pyron2109, 19 Mar 1938 - (annot. Carl S. Keener 1980), from 3 mi. of Irwinville, Irwin County,
Anemone
Georgia, here selected as neotype for caroliniana Walt.
is
Walter's name: Arethusa spicata Walter 222)
(p.
Modern name: Hexalectris spicata (Walt.) Barnhart
Infrequent throughout. Blake (1915: 136) has stated Walter's diagnosis is "quite distinctive" of this spe-
USCH
cies. There is no specimen. Evett s.n., 9 July 2000 - (annot. John Nelson 2000), from Rucker Road,
basionym
Chapin, Richland County, South Carolina, here selected as neotype for Arethusa spicata Walt.,
is
of Hexalectris spicata (Walt.) Barnhart.
Walter's name: Athanasia paniculata Walter 201)
(p.
Modern name: Verbesina walteri Shinners Ridan paniculata (Walt.) Small]
[=
known
Verbesina walteri is rare in SC, only from three counties. Walter's epithet is not transferrable to Verbe-
sina (not V. paniculata Poir., 1808). Shinners (1964) formed a new name, basing it upon Walter's name and
description. No specimen has been identified in the Fraser/Walter herbarium (BM). The species is infrequent
through much of range, west to Texas. Available material, though from far beyond the reach of either
its
Walter or Fraser, believed representative of plants Walter might have known. Thieret 24848, 27 Sep 1966
is
DUKE Denham
- (annot. James R. Coleman 1969), from 8 mi. SE of Springs, Livingston Parish, Louisiana,
here selected as neotype for Athanasia paniculata Walt., the basis for Verbesina walteri Shinners.
is
Walter's name: Frasera Walter 88)
caroliniensis
(p.
Modern name: Swertia caroliniensis (Walt.) Kuntze
Very rare (3 counties in SC: Abbeville, Greenwood, Laurens, all on piedmont); undoubtedly a Fraser dis-
A
covery. supposed specimen (48-B), labeled "Frasera Caroliniensis" by Fraser, has since been identified as
May USCH,
Dodecatheon meadia (Britten 1921: 70). Horn 6581, 8 1993 - from Sumter National Forest, ca.
NE
11 mi. of Clinton, Laurens County, South Carolina, here selected as neotype for Frasera caroliniensis
is
Walt., basionym of Swertia caroliniensis (Walt.) Kuntze.
,
Walter's name: Hydrolea Walter
quadrivalvis 110)
(p.
Modern name: Hydrolea quadrivalvis Walt.
No N
USCH,
Frequent in eastern SC. specimen has been identified. Horn 4246, 30 July 1990 - from just of
Laurel Hill Plantation, 2 mi. SE of Goose Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina, here selected as neotype
is
Hydrolea Walt.
for quadrivalvis
Walter's name: Hypericum tubulosum Walter
191)
(p.
Modern Triadenum tubulosum
name: Gleason
(Walt.)
Very rare in SC (2 counties, both inland from Walter's Berkeley Co.); rare in central GA; not known in
NC. T
But Walter's description seems unambiguous, clearly contrasted with virginicum and walteri. This
T.
probably is a Fraser discovery, perhaps obtained on his trip to the Flint River, west-central GA, in spring
NE
DUKE,
of 1787. There no specimen. Allison 10271, 16 Oct 1997 from corner of Benning Military
is - Ft.
NE
Reservation, 17.5 mi. of Cusseta, Chattahoochee County, Georgia, here selected as neotype of Hypericum
is
tubulosum Walt., basionym of Triadenum tubulosum (Walt.) Gleason.
Walter's name: hexagona Walter
66)
Iris
(p.
Modern hexagona
name: Iris Walt.
Very rare in SC (known only in Charleston There no specimen. Hutto 4 June 1993 USCH,
Co.). is s.n., -
Wambah
from branch of Creek, Hampton Plantation State Park, Charleston County, South Carolina, here
is
selected as neotype hexagona Walt.
for Iris
Walter's name: Laurus Walter
melissaejolia 134)
(p.
Bloom
ia (Walt.)
SC known named
Rare; in only in 3 counties (Berkeley, Colleton, Darlington). Spm. 63-C was "Laurus
melis-
saefolium" by Walter and later annotated "Benzoin melissaefolium" by A. Kosterman. leaves are smaller than
Its
J.
other specimens of that species. Spm. 63-H is similar, but was annotated by Kosterman as "Benzoin odoriferum,"
synonym An
a of L. benzoin (L.) Blume, which could well be. independent specimen of certain identity
it
NE
Williamson 1550, 23 July 1961 - USCH, from 1 mi. of Honey Hill, Darlington County South Carolina, is
here selected as neotype for Laurus melissaejolia Walt., basionym of Lindera (Walt.) Bloom.
melissifolia
Walter's name: Melanthium hybridum Walter 125)
(p.
Modern Melanthium hybridum
name: Walt. Veratrum Zomlefer]
[= latifolium (Desr.)
NC; No
Rare in SC, frequent in western likely a Fraser discovery. specimen has been identified. Nelson 8431
W
USCH
12 Sept 1989 (2 sheets) - (annot. D. E. Kennemore), from of Marietta, Greenville County, South
Carolina, is here selected as neotype for Melanthium hybridum Walt.
Walter's name: Melanthium racemosum Walter
126)
?
(p.
Modern racemosa
name: Tofieldia (Walt.) BSP.
Frequent in eastern SC. Walter was the to form the combination Melanthium racemosum. [Others: M.
first
racemosum Michx., 1803 (= M. virginicum), and M. racemosum Roth, 1821 (= Iphigenia indicd).] His expression
&
name No
of doubt does not invalidate his (Art. 34.1). specimen has been identified. Pittman Darr s.n., 1
July 1999 - USCH, from Shirley tract, Lynchburg-Savanna area, near SC 327, Lee County South Carolina,
is here selected as neotype for Melanthium racemosum Walt., basionym of Tofieldia racemosa (Walt.) BSP.
Walter's name: Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walter 256)
(p.
Modern Ophioglossum
name: crotalophoroides Walt.
Very rare in SC (two counties, one of which Berkeley). There no specimen. Douglas 12 March
is is s.n.,
W
SW
1991 - USCH, from along Simons Road, 1/2 mi. of SC 68, just of Yemassee, Hampton County, South
Carolina, is here selected as neotype for Ophioglossum crotalophoroides Walt.
1282 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 2(2)
Walter
117)
i
(p.
(Walt.) BSP.
i
Infrequent along SC shore. No specimen. Nelson 5850, 28 July 1987 - USCH, from South Island, Yawkey
NEOTPE
Wildlife Center, Georgetown County, South Carolina, here selected as for Pharnaceum maritimum
is
Walt., basionym oiSesuvium maritimum (Walt.) BSP.
Walter's name: Rajania ovata Walter 247)
(p.
Modern name: Brunnichia ovata (Walt.) Shinners [= Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks ex Gaert.]
known SC
Rare in the Carolinas, but from three coastal counties (Charleston, Georgetown, Jasper). Shinners
known
Spm.
(1967) accepted Walter's description as applying to the plant also as Brunnichia cirrhosa. 91-A,
marked by Walter as "Rajania (monoica)" and noted by Fraser to be the "ovata" of the Flora, is a worthless
NW
USCH,
scrap. Aulbach-Smith 3144, 15 July 1984 - from near Forks Lake Bluff, ca. 5 mi. of Hardeeville,
basionym
Jasper County, South Carolina here selected as neotype for Rajania ovata Walt., of Brunnichia
is
ovata (Walt.) Shinners.
Walter's name: Silphium scabrum Walter 217)
(p.
Modern Silphium scabrum
name: Walt. [= Silphium dentatum Ell]
Common
Guy
more from
throughout. Silphium asteriscus L. a scabrous plant, essentially absent SC.
is is
Nesom (pers. comm, Aug 2007) has identified Walter's name as dentatum. Spm. 98-C was labeled "Silphium"
S.
by Walter and "Scabrum" by Fraser; a fragment without meaningful characters. Nelson 5571, 9 June 1987
it is
USCH
(2 sheets) - (annot. A. Clevinger 1999), from West Springs, Union County, South Carolina, is here
J.
selected as neotype for Silphium scabrum Walt.
Walter's name: Sophora lanceolata Walter 135)
(p.
Modern
name: Baptisia lanceolata (Walt.)
Ell.
USCH,
Rare in SC sandhills; perhaps a Fraser discovery. There is no specimen. Stanford 16, 4 April 1993 -
from Compartment Savannah River Barnwell County, South Carolina, here selected as neotype
84,
site, is
basionym
for Sophora lanceolata Walt., of Baptisia lanceolata (Walt.) Ell.
Walter's name: Thymbra caroliniana Walter 162)
(p.
Modern Macbridea
name: caroliniana (Walt.) Blake
m
No
Infrequent eastern SC. Blake (1915: 132) noted Walter's description to be "definitive." specimen has
N
been Horn 2362, 28 Aug 1987 USCH, from Shaws Creek, 4 mi. of Aiken, Aiken County
identified. -
South Carolina, is here selected as neotype for Thymbra caroliniana Walt., basionym of Macbridea caroliniana
(Walt.) Blake.
Walter's name: Utricularia Walter 64)
fibrosa
(p.
Modern name: Utricularia fibrosa Walt. [= Utricularia striata LeConte ex Torr.]
Rare on SC coastal plain, frequent in piedmont. There no specimen. Utricularia fibrosa Walt, was left in
is
who
limbo by Taylor (1989: 586) determined Walter's plant was either Lam. (1791) or U. striata
bifiora
17.
May USCH,
LeConte ex Torr. (1819), but then rejected both. Nelson 12474, 18 1992 - from Training Area
25D, Fort Jackson, Richland County, South Carolina, a plant identifiable also as striata, is here selected
17.
as neotype for Utricularia fibrosa Walt.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
made
The specimens listed here, not available from our other cooperating herbarium, were available by
John Nelson (USCH) and Robert Wilbur (DUKE). Their cooperation in locating adequate materials of
B. L.
well-known As Spanish has been prepared by
these less species greatly appreciated. before, the abstract
is
And
Christine M. Housel (ABT). as always, Charles E. Jarvis (BM), by virtue of his long-ongoing efforts to
names Thomas
typify the of Carl Linnaeas, godfather to the entire Walter Typification Project.
is
REFERENCES
Some
neglected names Rhodora 29-1
Blake, S.F. 91 5. in Walter's Flora Caroliniana. 7:1 37.
1 1
921 Thomas Walter 7407-88) and 59:69-74.
Britten, his grass. Bot.
J. 1 (1 J.
.
McNeill, Demoulin, D.L Hawksworth, Marhold, D.H. Nicolson, Prado, Scog, J.H.Wiersema,
F.R. Barrie,V. K. P.C. Silva, J.E.
J., J.
and NJ.Turland 2006. International code of botanical nomenclature (Vienna Code). Gantner Veriag;
(eds.).
Ruggell, Liechtenstein.
Notes
964. Verbesina Sida
Shinners, L.H. [re waiter!]. :253.
1 1
Shinners, LH. 967. Brunnichia ovata (Walter) Shinners, comb. nov. (Polygonaceae). Sida 3:1 5.
1 1
—
Kew
The genus taxonomic monograph. 14:1-724.
Taylor, 1989. Utricularia a Bull., Addit. Ser.
P.
London.
Walter, 1788. Flora Caroliniana.
T.
Ward, D.B. 2006a. Thomas Walter Typification Project, Observations on the John Fraser folio. Sida 22:
I:
1111-1118.
name
endangered
Ward, D.B. 2006b. Silene catesbaei, rather than Silene polypetala, the correct of the Fringed
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Catchfly. 71
Thomas
Ward, 2007a. The Walter herbarium not the herba
D.B.
is
Thomas The
Ward, D.B. 2007b. Walter Typification Project,
k
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407-423.
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III:
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in Bot. Res. Inst.
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D.B. in
Phytologia 89:228-235.
What Thomas mean The
Ward, 2007f. the world did Walter by Xxxxxyyyyyl Part two: quite doubtfuls.
D.B. in
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Ward, 2007g. Quercus sinuata Walter—the hybrid of falcata and phellos— rediscovered and neotypi-
D.B. Q. Q.
Castanea 77-1
fied. 72:1 81.
Thomas D
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through Texas 2:475-486.
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J.
Woodson, R.E. 1928. Studies in the Apocynaceae. A monograph of the genus Amsonia. Ann. Missouri Bot.
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