Thermodynamic Processes 1: Systems without Physical State Change

298 Pages·2020·3.966 MB·English

by  Salah Belaadi

Thermodynamic Processes 1
Series Editor
Jean-Claude Charpentier
Thermodynamic Processes 1

Systems without Physical State Change

Salah Belaadi
First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street
London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA
www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2020
The rights of Salah Belaadi to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019953627

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-513-8
Contents
Foreword 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Foreword 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter 1. Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3. Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4. Detailed corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 2. Closed Systems without Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . 31
2.1. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2. Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3. Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.4. Detailed corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 3. Open and Reacting Systems During Reaction . . . . . . . 125
3.1. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.2. Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.3. Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.4. Detailed corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Chapter 4. Mixtures or Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.1. Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.2. Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
vi Thermodynamic Processes 1
4.3. Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
4.4. Detailed corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Foreword 1
Circular Economy and Engineering
Circular economy and engineering: process thermodynamics as an
essential chemical engineering tool for the design and control of the
processes encountered in the factory of the future within the
framework of Industry 4.0
Process engineering involves the sciences and technologies that optimally
transform matter and energies into products required by a consumer and into non-
polluting wastes. Today, it takes part in the framework of circular economy and
engineering (monitoring of products and processes from cradle to grave), and the
optimal transformations of matter and energies must be carried out to design
the factory of the future, taking into account the emergence of Industry 4.0 and the
voluminous amount of data (Big Data movement).
Modern (green) process engineering is deliberately oriented toward process
intensification (i.e., producing much more and better, with use of much less
resources). This involves a physical-chemistry multidisciplinary and multiscale
approach to modelling and computer simulation, in terms of time and space, from
the atomic and molecular scales, from the equipment and the reactor scales, up to the
scales of the overall factory (i.e., the design of a refinery, a chemical, a textile or a
cement complex plant from Schrödinger equations).
To meet this multidisciplinary and multiscale approach, the preponderant and
irreplaceable concept and background of chemical thermodynamics appears in all its
splendour, and more generally, this concerns the thermodynamics of processes for
the multiscale control of these processes.
It is clear that studies that discuss thermodynamics of processes must cover
chemical thermodynamics (open or closed systems with or without chemical
reaction, phase equilibrium) and the energetics of processes (thermal cycles, heat
viii Thermodynamic Processes 1
pump, degraded energy, exergy). However, these studies must also be illustrated
with examples of real multiscale physicochemical applications. This will prepare or
help or contribute to the design, the development and the control of the processes
that will be encountered in the factory of the future, by means of methodologies and
techniques to obtain reliable thermodynamic data that will contribute to the
abundance of data (Big Data/Industry 4.0).
A big thank you to Professor Salah Belaadi, leading expert in education and
research in the field of thermodynamics of processes, for offering such an
instructional and didactic book, whose chapters mainly present exercises oriented
towards industrial applications.
This book on thermodynamics and energetics of processes is a guide (a
vademecum), which I am personally convinced will be of great benefit to a large
number of university teachers and researchers, and engineers and technicians active
in today’s economy sector and in the very near future.
Jean-Claude CHARPENTIER
Former director of ENSIC Nancy and ESCPE Lyon, France
Former president of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering
Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés
CNRS/ENSIC/University of Lorraine
Foreword 2
Thermodynamics is a universal science that is of great interest in all its
applications. The premises of thermodynamics are not always easy to understand,
in the eyes of students nor in those of seasoned researchers, nor are the numerous
developments that result from it.
Nature is complex, the scientist must be humble with regard to what he/she sees.
He/she must scrupulously observe, carefully reflect, attempt to interpret and
undertake modelling, a theory which will be deemed valid only until a new
observation, or a new experiment comes to question them. From this perspective, it
is necessary for the educator to show conviction, insight and passion in order to best
convey the thirst for effort and for accomplishing work, to promote vocations and to
discover talents.
Professor Salah Belaadi has spent many years teaching thermodynamics. He has
enriched his courses with many exercises entirely dedicated to understanding this
science and potential applications for the industrial world. Over the years, he has
been able to select the most interesting and relevant exercises. The collection he
proposes today is therefore an assortment of carefully selected topics for
thermodynamic reflection and culture.
I wish him the success he deserves, and I hope that a very large number of
readers will enjoy this content.
Dominique RICHON
Emeritus Professor at Mines ParisTech
Former director of Thermodynamics
and Phases Equilibrium Laboratory.
Preface
The aim of this book is to reduce apprehension toward thermodynamics and to
make it more familiar to those who have to use it, both on completion of
apprenticeships, training and retraining as well as to those conducting research and
reflection on the evolution of processes at the time of transformation of matter
and/or energy.
The need to write this book was apparent to me, after so many years of teaching
at various university levels, after the unequivocal statement: the difficulty
encountered by students – or engineers working in companies or research groups –
to solve concrete problems in thermodynamics comes from the fact that the manuals,
which cover applications of the concepts of this discipline, are too didactic.
Hence why I propose an original approach for this book – to use
thermodynamics as a resolution tool – indispensable for mastering a process of
energy transformation and/or matter using one or more thermodynamic concepts.
Thus, this book is not structured according to the progression of the teaching of the
concepts of thermodynamics, but rather according to the evolution of the scientific
difficulty compared to the state of the thermodynamic system studied from closed
systems to energy processes; thermodynamics is above all “the science of the
evolution of the states of a system, whatever it is”.
The book derives its interest from the very definition of this science, accepted by
the scientific community for a long time as the “mother of sciences”. Indeed,
everyone agrees that: “If thermodynamics does not solve everything, without it, we
will not solve anything”; this is all the more true for the physicochemical processes
of matter and energy transformation.
Salah BELAADI
November 2019