The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques With Special Emphasis on The Use of Arc Hydro

107 Pages·2012·5.38 MB·English

Sudan Academy of Science SAS
The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques With
Special Emphasis on The Use of Arc Hydro Data Model
Characterizing Atbara River Watershed
Mohammed Hassan Mohammed Adam
Sudan Academy of Science SAS
Council of Engineering Research & Industrial Techniques
M.Sc in Groundwater technology
The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques With
Special Emphasis on The Use of Arc Hydro Data Model in
Characterizing Atbara River Watershed
By:
Mohammed Hassan Mohammed Adam
B.S.c: Geology- Faculty of Science and Technology- Omdurman Islamic University 2006
A thesis submitted to the Sudan Academy of Science in partial fulfilment of
requirement for Master Degree in Groundwater Technology
Supervisor:
Dr. Ibrahim Ahmed Ali Babikir
November - 2010
Dedication
To my family, indeed friends and all people know me.
I
Acknowledgment
I would like to send my deep thanks and express my best gratitude to
many people for their help, inspire, motivate and support me, that what make
this research possible. With all may respect and save to every one his
position, thanks very much chemical engineering department in university of
science and technology, crew of Sudan Academy of Science SAS Council of
Engineering Research & Industrial Techniques, all my teachers in the
academy specially Dr. Mohammed Babeker, my supervisor Dr. Ibrahim
Ahmed Ali Babikir, my pair Eman and all colleagues and friends in the
academy.
Also I would like to express my high appreciation for my Mother,
father and my brother for their patience and support.
II
ABSTRACT
Remote Sensing and GIS techniques were used successfully to establish
hydrological information platform for Atbara sub-basin which drains from
Ethiopia and Eretria to Sudan with entire area of about 224299 km2. The
study area have strategic importance, for many reasons; rich in minerals
wealth, agricultural resources, and endowed with a substantial amount of
water resources but the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources
is imbalanced. Remote Sensing and Digital elevation models (DEMs) are
known to be very useful data sources for the Automated delineation of flow
paths, sub watersheds and flow networks for hydrologic modeling and
watershed characterization, landsat ETM+ 30 m and Digital Elevation
Models SRTM 90m data used in this project, many digital image processing
techniques used to enhanced images, interpretation and extracted
information from satellite images by using ERDAS imagine, while ArcGIS
and arc hydro tools were used to processing and extract information from
DEMs, stream network and catchment delineation and creation of
geodatabase. It is the main output of this project, Ready made GIS layers
used to complete watershed characterizations view. The results of this
research present in creation Arc hydro’data model, and many thematic maps
for Atbara sub-basin characteristics. The use of remote sensing in this study
give efficient qualitative and quantitative detailed information about
geomorphologic features drainage patterns, addition to general overview for
landcover and landuse. Moreover, the use of Digital Elevation Models in
addition to the delineation of stream network and catchments give valuable
information on the paleo-geography and paleo-climate of the study area.
River network and watersheds delineations proved that El Gash River was
once joining the Atbara River and it was a part of Nile basin system. This
might indicate that the paleoclimatic conditions in the area were wet than the
present. Geodatabase and Arc hydro data model arranged spatial data in
relationship database provide quarry option for any information about study
area. Although, Arc hydro tool provide time series analysis options, this
thesis restricted the use of Arc Hydro tool to the descriptive part only. The
created GIS geodatabase was used to produce various thematic maps, mainly
for; geology, geomorphology, hydrography, landcover, landuse, population
density, vegetation cover and rainfalls.
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IV
List of contents
Topic Page
Abstract III
IV
List of Contents V
List of Tables VIII
List of Figures IX
ABBREVIATIONS XIII
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Study Objectives 1
1.3 Brief introductions of remote sensing and GIS GIS. 2
1.3.1 Remote sensing 2
1.3.2 GIS 2
1.3.3 Arc Hydro 3
1.3.4 Geographic data model 3
1.3.4.1 Inventory approach 3
1.3.4.2 Behavioral approach 3
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Nile Basin 5
2.2 The study area Location and General Description 7
2.2.1 Atbara sub-basin 7
2.2.2 El Gash River 10
2.3 Water Resources in Atbara sub-basin 13
2.4 Reservoirs on Atbara River 14
2.4.1 Tekeze Dam 14
V
Topic page
2.4.2 Khashm El Grba Dam 16
Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Remote Sensing (RS) Data 18
3.2 Digital Elevation Data 21
3.3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Data 22
3.4 Stream Network Delineation from Remote Sensing Images 29
3.5 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Data Preparation 30
3.6 Automated Watershed and Stream Network Delineation 33
3.6.1 Flow direction grid 33
3.6.2 Flow accumulation grid 35
3.6.3 Stream definition and threshold drainage area 35
3.6.4 Catchment 35
3-7 Automated Watershed and Stream Network Delineation Tools 36
3.7.1 Arc Hydro Tools and Terrain Analysis 36
3.7.2 The Arc Hydro Tools and Work Procedure 36
3.7.3 Terrain Preprocessing 37
Chapter 4 Arc Hydro Data Model and Frame work
4.1 ArcGIS Hydro Data Model 43
4.2 Geodatabase Design 43
4.2.1 Hydrography 45
4.2.2 Drainage areas 46
4.2.3 Geometric Network 48
Chapter 5 Watershed characterization
5.1 Physical Characteristics 50
5.1.1 Geomorphology 50
VI
Topic page
5.1.2 Topography 53
5.1.3 Hydrography 60
5.2 Geological Characteristics 70
5.3 Land cover and land use 73
5.4 Atbara sub-basin land cover in Sudan 75
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations
6.1 Summary 89
6.2 Conclusion 89
6.3 Recommendation 90
References 91
VII
List of Tables
Table Page
Table (3-1) landsat ETM + 19
Table (3-2) spatial reference properties 31
Table (5-1) Morphological parameters 59
Table (5-2a) Natural and Semi-Natural Terrestrial Vegetation 75
Table (5-2b) grass land 76
Table (5-2c) Cultivated and Managed Terrestrial Area 76
VIII