The stimulated brain : cognitive enhancement using non-invasive brain stimulation

538 Pages·2014·33.465 MB·English

by  Roi Cohen Kadosh

THE STIMULATED BRAIN
Cognitive Enhancement Using Non-invasive
Brain Stimulation
THE STIMULATED
BRAIN
Cognitive Enhancement
Using Non-Invasive
Brain Stimulation
Edited by
R C K
OI OHEN ADOSH
DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology,
UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
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Dedication
To my fatherMordechai, a man with aspark
Contributors
AndreaAntal Georg-August-University,DepartmentofClinicalNeurophysiol-
ogy,Go¨ttingen,Germany
SouhileAssaf MedtrodeInc.,London,Ontario,CanadaandXLRImagingUnit
116,StillerCentre,London,Ontario,Canada
MaromBikson DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,TheCityCollegeofNew
YorkofCUNY,NewYork,NY,USA
PauloBoggio SocialandCognitiveNeuroscienceLaboratory,CenterforHealth
andBiologicalSciences,MackenziePresbyterianUniversity,Sa˜oPaulo,Brazil
AndreBrunoni CenterforClinicalandEpidemiologicalResearch&Interdisci-
plinaryCenterforAppliedNeuromodulation,UniversityHospital,andUniver-
sityofSa˜oPauloMedicalSchool,UniversityofSa˜oPaulo,Sa˜oPaulo,Brazil
LeilaChaieb ClinicforEpileptology,UniversityClinicofBonn,Bonn,Germany
LeonardoG.Cohen HumanCorticalPhysiologyandStrokeNeurorehabilitation
Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
InstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD,USA
Roi Cohen Kadosh Department of Experimental Psychology, University of
Oxford,Oxford,UK
Jose´ Mar´ıa Delgado-Garcı´a Division of Neurosciences, University of Pablo de
Olavide,Seville,Spain
PaulElliott SchoolofHumanities,UniversityofDerby,Derby,UK
Shirley Fecteau Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Re´adaptation et
Inte´gration Sociale, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Sante´
Mentale de Que´bec, Medical School, Laval University, Que´bec, Canada and
Berenson-AllenCenterforNoninvasiveBrainStimulation,BethIsraelDeaconess
MedicalCenter,HarvardMedicalSchool,HarvardUniversity,Boston,MA
Roberta Ferrucci Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie
ediDisordinidelMovimento,FondazioneIRCCSCa’Granda,OspedaleMag-
giore Policlinico, Milan, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-
ChirurgicaedeiTrapianti,Universita` degliStudidiMilano,Milan,Italy
GereonR.Fink CognitiveNeuroscience,InstituteofNeuroscienceandMedicine
(INM3),ResearchCenterJuelich,Juelich,Germany;andDepartmentofNeurol-
ogy,UniversityofCologne,Germany
Nicholas S. Fitz National Core for Neuroethics, The University of British
Columbia,Vancouver,BC,Canada
xiii
xiv
CONTRIBUTORS
Felipe Fregni Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medi-
cineandRehabilitation,SpauldingRehabilitationHospitalandMassachusetts
GeneralHospital,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,USA
Brita Fritsch Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Department of Neurology,
Freiburg,Germany
ManuelaFumagalli CentroClinicoperlaNeurostimolazione,leNeurotecnolo-
gie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale
MaggiorePoliclinico,Milan,Italy
NigelGebodh LaboratoryofNeuromodulation,DepartmentofPhysicalMedi-
cineandRehabilitation,SpauldingRehabilitationHospitalandMassachusetts
GeneralHospital,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,USAandDepartment
ofBiomedicalEngineering,TheCityCollegeoftheCityUniversityofNewYork,
NewYork,NY,USA
Agne`sGruart DivisionofNeurosciences,UniversityofPablodeOlavide,Seville,
Spain
BerkanGuleyupoglu DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,TheCityCollege
oftheCityUniversityofNewYork,NewYork,NY,USA
MaikeD. Hesse Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medi-
cine (INM3), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany; and Department of
Neurology,UniversityofCologne,Germany
AntoineHone-Blanchet CentreInterdisciplinairedeRechercheenRe´adaptation
etInte´grationSociale,CentredeRecherchedel’InstitutUniversitaireenSante´
MentaledeQue´bec,MedicalSchool,LavalUniversity,Que´bec,Canada
FriedhelmC.Hummel BrainImagingandNeuro-Stimulation(BINS)Laboratory,
Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,
Hamburg, Germany and Favoloro University, Medical School, Buenos Aires,
Argentina
JosephKerr XLRImagingUnit116,StillerCentre,London,Ontario,Canada
BeatrixKrause DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology,UniversityofOxford,
Oxford,UK
Michal Lavidor Department of Psychology, and The Gonda Multidisciplinary
BrainResearchCenter,BarIlanUniversity,RamatGan,Israel
Roc´ıo Leal-Campanario Division of Neurosciences, University of Pablo de
Olavide,Seville,Spain
Neil Levy Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia and Oxford Centre for Neuroethics, University of Oxford,
Oxford,UK
ChungYenLooi DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology,UniversityofOxford,
Oxford,UK
FrancescaMameli CentroClinicoperlaNeurostimolazione,leNeurotecnologie
ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale
MaggiorePoliclinico,Milan,Italy
xv
CONTRIBUTORS
JavierMa´rquez-Ruiz DivisionofNeurosciences,UniversityofPablodeOlavide,
Seville,Spain
Preet Minhas Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of
NewYorkofCUNY,NewYork,NY,USA
Ingrid Moreno-Duarte Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Department of
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and
MassachusettsGeneralHospital,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,USA
Abhilash Nair Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of
NewYorkofCUNY,NewYork,NY,USA
WalterPaulus Georg-August-University,DepartmentofClinicalNeurophysiol-
ogy,Go¨ttingen,Germany
GeorgePrichard Albert-Ludwigs-UniversityFreiburg,DepartmentofNeurology,
Freiburg,GermanyandInstituteofCognitiveNeuroscience,UCL,London,UK
AlbertoPriori CentroClinicoperlaNeurostimolazione,leNeurotecnologieedi
Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore
Policlinico, Milan, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica
edeiTrapianti,Universita` degliStudidiMilano,Milan,Italy
Davide Reato Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the
CityUniversityofNewYork,NewYork,NY,USA
Peter B. Reiner National Core for Neuroethics, The University of British
Columbia,Vancouver,BC,Canada
Janine Reis Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Department of Neurology,
Freiburg,Germany
GiulioRuffini StarlabBarcelonaSL,Barcelona,Spain
CatarinaSaiote Georg-August-University,DepartmentofClinicalNeurophysi-
ology,Go¨ttingen,Germany
Marco Sandrini Human Cortical Physiology and Stroke Neurorehabilitation
Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA and Center for Neuroscience and
Regenerative Medicine at Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences,
Bethesda,MD,USA
JulianSavulescu OxfordCentreforNeuroethics,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
PedroSchestatsky LaboratoryofNeuromodulation,DepartmentofPhysicalMed-
icine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts
GeneralHospital,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,MA,USAandProgramade
Po´s-Graduac¸a˜oemCieˆnciasMe´dicasdaUniversidadeFederaldoRioGrande
doSul,Brasil;Coordenac¸a˜odeAperfeic¸oamentodePessoaldeN´ıvelSuperior
(CAPES),Brazil
Tal Sela Department of Psychology, and The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain
ResearchCenter,BarIlanUniversity,RamatGan,Israel
Charlotte J. Stagg Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB),
DepartmentofClinicalNeurosciences,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
xvi
CONTRIBUTORS
Dennis Truong Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of
NewYorkofCUNY,NewYork,NY,USA
FabriceWendling INSERM,Rennes,FranceandUniversite´ deRennes,Rennes,
France
Maximo Zimerman Brain Imaging and Neuro-Stimulation (BINS) Laboratory,
Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
andInstituteofCognitiveNeurology(INECO),BuenosAires,Argentina
Preface
In2007,Isatinmyofficethinkingabouthowtoconductaresearchpro-
jectwhichwouldcombinebrainstimulationwithdailycognitivetraining.
I was compelled to put it aside, as transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS), the most known method for non-invasive brain stimulation, is
notrecommendedtobeappliedonadailybasis,andcausesmilddiscom-
fort, which is not optimal for cognitive training. When a colleague
returnedfromaresearchvisittoGo¨ttingenandtoldmeabouthiscollab-
oration on a project that involved transcranial direct current stimulation
(tDCS)andtranscranialalternatingcurrentstimulation(tACS),Iimmedi-
atelyknewthatthesemethodscouldbetheperfecttoolstogetmyresearch
finally on the way. Indeed, not many people had heard back then about
transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) methods such as tDCS or tACS,
and when scientists in the field used to tell their colleagues about their
workwithtES,thePavlovianresponseusuallywas“so,youareworking
with TMS ...”
Therefore,itiswithgreatenthusiasmthatIpresentTheStimulatedBrain,
the first book that focuseson the key aspects of tES in experimental and
clinical research. It details the most important mechanistic advances and
discusses the impact of these findings for clinical and basic researchers,
while also providing a prospective for the future research, translation,
andapplicationofthesemethods.
Althoughpartsofthesetopicshavebeenpresentedinafewbooks,itis
important to bring them together in a volume that focuses on tES in its
own right. In fact, tES research is no longer esoteric. People in diverse
fieldsareworkingwiththistool,andinterestintESisgrowingintoexcel-
lentandexcitinglinesofresearchallaroundtheworld.Itattractsattention
fromtheresearchcommunityandthepublic,asitencompassestherealms
ofbothbasicscienceandclinicalviewpoints,anditsimplicationscango
beyond these to thehealthypopulation.
ThefirstpartofthebookisdevotedtothebasicknowledgeoftES,from
afascinatingfirstchapteronitshistory,toacomprehensiveintroduction
ofthedifferentmethodsinuse,toafreshinsightonsafetyatthephysical
andpsychologicallevel,aswellasmodelingwork,animalstudies,andthe
physiologicalbases.Myexpectationisthatthesechapterswillnotonlybe
of interest to scientists who are already working with tES, but will also
offer a good kick-start to those who are less familiar with it but want to
increase their knowledge and possibly to use this tool in their future
xvii
xviii
PREFACE
research.InthisrespectI,withthehelpoftheauthorsofthevariouschap-
ters,havemadealleffortstoensurethatthechaptersinthissectionandin
theotherpartsinthebookareaccessibletoallthosefromthevariousfields
of medicine, psychology, neuroscience, physiology, pharmacology, and
biochemistry.
Following this introduction, the second part of the book focuses on
researchonthetypicalbrainandhowitsmodulationusingtEShasbeen
showntoimprovevariousfunctions,includingsensory,motor,memory,
and high-level cognitive functions such as executive function, attention,
mathematics,andlanguage.Thethirdsectionisdedicatedtostudiesthat
have aimed to improve functions in the atypical brain. These chapters
include work on neurological disorders such as stroke, dysfunctions in
the elderly, and psychiatric illnesses. The final section concludes with
chapters that discuss future perspectives, including commercialization,
neuroethics,theapplicationoftESinthefieldofeducation,andaconclud-
ing chapter on the future usage oftES andits challenges.
Thisbookcouldhavenotbeenproducedbymyselfalone,andIamhon-
oredandprivilegedtohaveengagedscientistswhosevaluablecontribu-
tions have advanced and elucidated these areas of research. These
researchershavepavedthewaytoseveralofthemostrelevantdiscoveries
in the field, and have provided excellent chapters that provide state-of-
the-art knowledge.
Undoubtedly, as much as I wanted to, I could not cover all topics or
involve all researchers in the field in this volume, and some of those
who did not contribute to this book as authors were courteous enough
to serve as reviewers and provide excellent feedback that improved the
chapters in this book.
I wish to thank all the authors for their contributions, which also
increased my knowledge of the field. I would also like to thank the
reviewers whogavetheir timetoprovide excellentfeedbackforthevar-
ious chapters. I am grateful to Mica Haley, the acquisitions editor at
Elsevier,forherbrilliantideaandoffertoeditthisbook,andtoAprilFarr,
the Editorial Project Manager, for all the support during the various
stagesofthisproject.ThanksareduetotheWellcomeTrustforitssupport,
which allowed me to complete this book. Finally, I would like to thank
themembersofmylaboratory,mywifeKathrin,andmychildrenJonathan
andItamarfortheirpatienceandsupport.
I trust that this book provides a valuable contribution in promoting
futurediscoveries,providingmaterialforcriticaldiscussions,andeducat-
ingreadersaboutthisfascinatingandpromisingfield.Iamsurethatthis
bookwillbestimulating.
Roi Cohen Kadosh