The Preservation and Protection of Library Collections : A Practical Guide to Microbiological Controls

468 Pages·2014·33.684 MB·English

by  Bogdan Zerek

The Preservation and Protection
of Library Collections
C HANDOS
I NFORMATION P ROFESSIONAL SE RIES
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The Preservation and
Protection of Library
Collections
A practical guide to
microbiological controls
B ogdan Fi lip Z erek
amsterdam • boston • cambridge • heidelberg • london
new york • oxford • paris • san diego
san francisco • singapore • sydney • tokyo
Chandos Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
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First published in 2014
ISBN: 978–1–84334–759–0 (print)
ISBN: 978–1–78063–440–1 (online)
Chandos Information Professional Series ISSN: 2052-210X (print) and
ISSN: 2052-2118 (online)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014938144
© B. F. Zerek, 2014
British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
List of fi gures 7
8
9
2.1 Aspergillus ochraceus , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox
10
medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 28
1
2.2 Aspergillus ochraceus, 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox 2
medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 29 3
2.3 Aspergillus versicolor , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox 4
medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 30 5
2.4 Aspergillus versicolor , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox 6
medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 31 7
8
2.5 Aspergillus versicolor , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox
9
medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 32
20
2.6 Aspergillus versicolor , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox
1
medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 33
2
2.7 Gliocladium catenulatum , 14-day- old colonies, 3
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 35 4
2.8 Gliocladium catenulatum , 14-day- old colonies, 5
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 36 6
7
2.9 Penicillium ochraceum , 14-day- old colonies,
8
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 37
9
2.10 Penicillium ochraceum , 14-day- old colonies,
30
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 38
1
2.11 Verticillium lamellicola? , 14-day- old colonies,
2
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 39
3
2.12 Verticillium lamellicola? , 14-day- old colonies, 4
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 40 5
2.13 Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium , 14-day- old 6
colonies, Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 42 7
8
2.14 Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium , 14-day- old
9
colonies, Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 43
40
2.15 Trichoderma harzianum, 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-
41R
Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 44
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The Preservation and Protection of Library Collections
2.16 Trichoderma harzianum , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-
Dox medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 45
2.17 Aspergillus awamori, 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox
medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 47
2.18 Aspergillus awamori , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox
medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 48
2.19 Botryotrichum piluliferum , 14-day- old colonies,
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 49
2.20 Botryotrichum piluliferum , 14-day- old colonies,
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 50
2.21 Paecilomyces variotii , 14-day- old colonies,
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 51
2.22 Paecilomyces variotii , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox
medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 52
2.23 Penicillium funiculosum , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-
Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 53
2.24 Penicillium funiculosum , 14-day- old colonies,
Czapek-Dox medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 54
2.25 Aspergillus terreus? , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox
medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 56
2.26 Aspergillus terreus? , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-Dox
medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 57
2.27 Penicillium spinulosum , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-
Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 58
2.28 Penicillium spinulosum , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-
Dox medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 59
2.29 Gliocladium catenulatum , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-
Dox medium, 10 cm dish, obverse 60
2.30 Gliocladium catenulatum , 14-day- old colonies, Czapek-
Dox medium, 10 cm dish, reverse 61
2.31 Regular biological microscope for transmitted light and
an open Petri dish 65
2.32 Penicillium sp. single colony, after 14 days, 9 cm dish,
MEA medium, obverse 67
2.33 Penicillium sp. single colony, after 14 days, 9 cm dish,
MEA medium, reverse 67
x
List of fi gures
2.34 Penicillium sp. single colony, microscopic 68
2.35 Different Penicillium sp. colonies and an unidentifi ed
colony after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium, obverse 69
2.36 Different Penicillium sp. colonies after 14 days, 9 cm
dish, MEA medium, reverse 70
2.37 Penicillium sp., one of the colonies 71
2.38 Botrytis sp., after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium,
obverse 71
2.39 Botrytis sp., after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium,
obverse 72
2.40 Botrytis sp., microscopic observation shows a
characteristic tree- like form of the ends of the
conidiophores clustered conidia 73
2.41 Chaetomium sp. after 14 days, 10 cm dish, Sabouraud
medium, obverse 73
2.42 Chaetomium sp. after 14 days, 10 cm dish, Sabouraud
medium, reverse 74
2.43 Chaetomium sp., a very characteristic picture of the
perithecia of the genus showing cullulolitic abilities 74
2.44 Scopulariopsis sp. after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA
medium, obverse 75
2.45 Scopulariopsis sp. after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA
medium, reverse 75
2.46 Scopulariopsis sp. looks similar to P enicillium sp. but
the overall look of the colonies is powdery with no true
green shades, varying from white to buff, brown and
black 76
2.47 Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium,
obverse. Four colonies of hyphaceous fungi, one
colony of bacteria or some yeast 76
2.48 The dark reverse of the middle colony suggests
Cladosporium sp. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish,
MEA medium, reverse 77
2.49 With no other information regarding the large white
colony, only microscopic analysis of the fungus could
give the answer 77
xi
The Preservation and Protection of Library Collections
2.50 Probably Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. of
Aspergillus niger group. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm
dish, MEA medium, obverse 78
2.51 Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium, reverse 79
2.52 Presence of Penicillium sp. was confi rmed, showing a
typical view of the conidial head of A spergillus sp. 80
2.53 Alternaria sp. is one of the fundamental genera for the
normal and average mycofl ora of the air. Growth after
14 days, 9 cm dish, Czapek medium, obverse 81
2.54 The hyphae of Alternaria sp. are not hyaline, but show
different shades of brown. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm
dish, Czapek medium, reverse 81
2.55 Alternaria sp. spores are septated, made of a few
elements, like bricks 82
2.56 A single colony of Cladosporium sp.. Growth after
14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium, obverse 82
2.57 The dark reverse of the colony. Growth after 14 days,
9 cm dish, MEA medium, reverse 83
2.58 In microscopic observation, Cladosporium sp. may be
problematic 83
2.59 Typical air sample dish with different Penicillium sp.
colonies. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA
medium, obverse 84
2.60 The hypothesis of Cladosporium sp. so far not
disproved, the dark reverse. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm
dish, MEA medium, obverse 84
2.61 Microscopic observation confi rmed the hypothesis of
Cladosporium sp. 85
2.62 Moderately clean air sample. Growth after 14 days,
9 cm dish, MEA medium, obverse. 85
2.63 Two colonies have dark reverse, a good step towards
identifi cation of Cladosporium sp.. Growth after
14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium, reverse 86
2.64 Cladosporium sp., identifi ed on the basis of microscopic
observation 86
2.65 Another microscopic view of C ladosporium sp. 87
2.66 Cladosporium sp., microscopic view 87
xii
List of fi gures
2.67 Another example of confl ict and domination, starring
Trichothecium sp. this time. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm
dish, MEA medium, obverse, white background 88
2.68 The same dish photographed upon the black
background for better demonstration of the
Trichothecium sp. structure. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm
dish, MEA medium, obverse, black background 88
2.69 Trichothecium sp. and two other colonies with dark
reverse. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium,
reverse, white background 89
2.70 Trichothecium sp. and two other colonies with dark
reverse. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium,
reverse, dark background 89
2.71 Characteristic microscopic view of T richothecium sp.
and its conidiophores, like dull- spiked clubs with short
handles 90
2.72 Perfect development of a single P enicillium sp. colony.
Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium, obverse 90
2.73 Characteristic zonation is visible on reverse even.
Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium, reverse 91
2.74 Characteristic microscopic look of P enicillium sp. 91
2.75 Mostly different Penicillium sp. colonies but also 3
Cladosporium sp. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish,
MEA medium, obverse 92
2.76 Different Penicillium sp. colonies and 3 C ladosporium
sp. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium,
reverse 92
2.77 Different Penicillium sp. colonies and 1 C ladosporium
sp. Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium,
obverse 93
2.78 Different P enicillium sp. colonies and 1 Cladosporium sp.
Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium, obverse 93
2.79 There are few colonies of probably 1 Penicillium sp.,
but also probably 1 Cladosporium sp. Growth after
14 days, 9 cm dish, MEA medium, obverse 94
2.80 Since all the colonies of P enicillium sp. seem to be of the
same age and of the same species, why did the one
‘capturing’ the C ladosporium sp. grow almost twice as
xiii
The Preservation and Protection of Library Collections
large as the second largest one not neighbouring
Cladosporium sp.? Growth after 14 days, 9 cm dish,
MEA medium, reverse 94
3.1 Sampling tactics: a square room about 6 m × 6 m 118
3.2 Sampling tactics: a rectangular room 6 m × 10 m 118
3.3 Sampling tactics: a rectangular room 12 m × 20 m 119
3.4 Microbiological control of the air, storage rooms and
dishes required for samples 124
3.5 The results (average values cfu/m3 for all micro-
organisms) of the fi rst 7-month (April to
October 2011) cycle of microbiological air control 128
3.6 The results (average values cfu/m 3 for all micro-
organisms) of the second 7-month (January to July
2012) cycle of microbiological air control 128
3.7 Average (30 samples, 1 survey every month in 2008) cfu/
m 3 values of the air on the third fl oor of main storage
building compared with background samples taken 129
3.8 Average (30 samples, a survey every month in 2009)
cfu/m 3 values of the air on the seventh fl oor of main
storage building compared with background samples 130
3.9 Average (30 samples monthly in 2010) cfu/m 3 values in
the air of the fi fth fl oor of the main storage building
compared with values of the atmospheric air 130
3.10 Average (30 samples monthly in 2011) cfu/m 3 values in the
air of the fourth fl oor of the main storage building
compared with values of the atmospheric air 131
3.11 Average (30 samples monthly in 2012) cfu/m 3 values in
the air of the second fl oor of the main storage building
compared with values of the atmospheric air 131
3.12 Sampling the outdoor air for background level data: the
fi rst height about 2.4 m 141
3.13 Sampling the outdoor air for background level data: the
second height about 1.4 m 142
3.14 Sampling the outdoor air for background level data:
the third height about 0.8 m 142
4.1 The Polish Journal of 1800 (private collection), an old
print 146
xiv