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The Naxal Challenge
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© Observer Research Foundation
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The Naxal Challenge
Causes, Linkages, and Policy Options
Edited by
P. V. Ramana
An imprint of Pearson Education
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Contents
Abbreviations vii
Foreword by B. Raman ix
Preface xv
1. The Naxal Movement: ARealistic Approach 1
D. Raja
2. The Trajectory of the Movement 10
K. P. Singh
3. Roots and Causes: The Case of Jharkhand 18
Harivansh
4. Roots and Causes: The Case of Dandakaranya 25
Ruchir Garg
5. APolitical Approach to the Naxalite Problem:
Viability and Prerequisites for Success 39
M. Shashidhar Reddy
6. Political Bases and Dimensions of the Naxalite Movement 62
Sanjay K. Jha
7. Approaches to the Naxalite Movement 83
V. K. Padmanabhan
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CONTENTS
8. Revolutionary and Counter-Revolutionary
Strategies of the Naxalites and the State 90
K. Srinivas Reddy
9. The Naxalite Movement: Impact of External Networking 101
S. Gopal
10. The Maoist Web: An Overview 111
P. V. Ramana
11. Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: An Overview 136
Krishna Hachhethu
Annexures 163
I Press Statement Announcing the
Founding of the CPI (Maoist)
II First-ever Exclusive Joint-interview of the
General Secretaries of the Erstwhile CPI(ML)
[PW] and MCCI
III Organisational Hierarchy:
Communist Party of India (Maoist)
IV Current Trends in Naxalism
V Naxal-affected States and Districts in India
About the Editor and the Contributors 224
Index 231
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Abbreviations
AIADMK – All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
AICC – All India Congress Committee
BSD (ML) – Bangladesh Samyabadi Dal (Marxist–Leninist)
CCOMPOSA – Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and
Organisations of South Asia
CPB (MLM) – Communist Party of Bhutan
(Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)
CPC (Maoist) – Communist Party of Ceylon (Maoist)
CPEB (ML) – Communist Party of East Bengal (Marxist–Leninist)
CPI – Communist Party of India
CPI (M) – Communist Party of India (Marxist)
CPI (Maoist) – Communist Party of India (Maoist)
CPI (ML) – Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
CPI (ML)[PW]– Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
[People’s War]
CPN-M – Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist
CRZ – Compact Revolutionary Zone
JVP – Janata Vimukthi Peramuna
LTTE – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
LWE – Left Wing Extremism
MCCI – Maoist Communist Centre of India
NDA – National Democratic Alliance
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ABBREVIATIONS
PBCP – Purba Bangla Communist Party
PBSP(CC) – Purba Bangla Sarbahara Party (Central Committee)
PBSP(MPK) – Purba Bangla Sarbahara Party (Maobadi
Punorgothan Kendra)
PGA – People’s Guerilla Army
PLA – People’s Liberation Army
PLGA – People’s Liberation Guerilla Army
PPW – Protracted People’s War
RCCI(MLM) – Revolutionary Communist Centre of India
(Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)
RIM – Revolutionary Internationalist Movement
RJD – Rashtriya Janata Dal
TDP – Telugu Desam Party
ULFA – United Liberation Front of Asom
UPA – United Progressive Alliance
WPB – Workers’ Party of Belgium
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Foreword
Replying to a question in parliament on 14 December 2004,
Sriprakash Jaiswal, Minister of State for Home Affairs, Government
of India, had stated that till 30 November 2004, 420 civilians and 98
security force personnel were killed in Naxalite violence in 10 states,
as against 410 civilians and 94 security forces personnel during 2003.
From the media reports of the reply, it was not clear whether the
figures given for 2003 covered the entire year or had figures for the
period till 30 November 2003.
According to the minister, Bihar with 155 deaths reported the
largest number of killings, up from 128 in 2003. It was followed by
Jharkhand with 150 deaths as against 117 in 2003. The other states
which recorded an increase in the number of total casualties were Uttar
Pradesh from 8 to 23, West Bengal from 1 to 14 and Chattisgarh from
74 to 75. Andhra Pradesh recorded a steep decrease from 139 to 74.
Other states that recorded a decrease were Maharashtra from 31 to 15
and Orissa from 15 to 8. There were three deaths in Madhya Pradesh
and one in Karnataka. In respect of individual states, the reply, as given
in the media, did not indicate how many of those killed were civilians
and how many were security forces personnel.
Of the five states, which recorded an increase in Naxalite violence
in 2004, four—Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal—are
in the proximity of India’s international border with Nepal or
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