The laboratory bird

170 Pages·2016·10.111 MB·English

by  Lee, Vanessa K., Strait, Karen R., Taylor, Douglas K

Lab Animal Science
A Volume in the series Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference
Series edited by Mark A. Suckow, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
The Laboratory
BIRD
Douglas K. Taylor • Vanessa K. Lee
Karen R. Strait
Laboratory animals, including birds, play an important role in biomedical research. The
humane care and management of these animals is an ongoing concern. A new addition to
the acclaimed Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference series, The Laboratory Bird is the first
publication dedicated to the care and use of avian species in the research setting.
Covering avian species such as chickens, ducks, doves, parrots, and songbirds that are
commonly used as research models, the book is divided into focused chapters that cover
a broad range of topics, including:
• General avian biology and physiology
• Husbandry
• Regulations and regulatory compliance
regarding the use of birds in research
• Experimental methods
• Veterinary care
Along with discussing applicable regulations, the book also details issues of health
management and quarantine approaches. The final chapter provides resources such as
organizations, publications, vendors, and diagnostic laboratories.
With its focus on the care of a diverse group of avian species in biomedical research
settings, The Laboratory Bird is a valuable reference for animal care and veterinary
technicians, laboratory animal veterinarians, trainees in laboratory animal medicine, and
research staff members, as well as individuals involved in laboratory work who lack
experience in working with birds.
K20613
ISBN: 978-1-4665-9362-6
90000
9 781466 593626

The Laboratory
BIRD
The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series
Series Editor
Mark A. Suckow, D.V.M.
Freimann Life Science Center
University of Notre Dame
South Bend, Indiana
Published Titles
The Laboratory Bird
Critical Care Management for Laboratory Mice and Rats
The Laboratory Canine
The Laboratory Cat
The Laboratory Ferret
The Laboratory Guinea Pig, Second Edition
The Laboratory Hamster and Gerbil
The Laboratory Mouse, Second Edition
The Laboratory Nonhuman Primate
The Laboratory Rabbit, Second Edition
The Laboratory Rat, Second Edition
The Laboratory Small Ruminant
The Laboratory Swine, Second Edition
The Laboratory Xenopus sp.
The Laboratory Zebrafish
The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series
Series Editor
A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series
Mark A. Suckow, D.V.M.
Freimann Life Science Center The Laboratory
University of Notre Dame
BIRD
South Bend, Indiana
Published Titles
The Laboratory Bird
Critical Care Management for Laboratory Mice and Rats
The Laboratory Canine
Douglas K. Taylor
The Laboratory Cat
Division of Animal Resources,
The Laboratory Ferret
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia U.S.A.
The Laboratory Guinea Pig, Second Edition
Vanessa K. Lee
The Laboratory Hamster and Gerbil
The Laboratory Mouse, Second Edition Division of Animal Resources,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia U.S.A.
The Laboratory Nonhuman Primate
The Laboratory Rabbit, Second Edition Karen R. Strait
The Laboratory Rat, Second Edition
Division of Animal Resources,
The Laboratory Small Ruminant Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia U.S.A.
The Laboratory Swine, Second Edition
The Laboratory Xenopus sp.
The Laboratory Zebrafish
CRC Press
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Version Date: 20151023
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contents
preface ...........................................................................................xi
authors ........................................................................................xiii
1 important biological features ..................................................1
orders commonly used in research .........................................1
Anseriformes ....................................................................1
Galliformes .......................................................................2
Columbiformes .................................................................2
Passeriformes ...................................................................2
Psittaciformes ...................................................................3
anatomy and function ............................................................3
respiratory system ..................................................................3
gastrointestinal system ...........................................................6
urogenital system ...................................................................8
cutaneous/integumentary system ..........................................9
musculoskeletal system ........................................................10
cardiovascular system ..........................................................13
hematology and immune system ...........................................14
endocrine system ..................................................................14
nervous and sensory systems ...............................................17
references .............................................................................19
2 husbandry ............................................................................25
introduction .........................................................................25
housing ................................................................................26
Housing Types ................................................................27
Cages ........................................................................27
v
vi contents
Pen ............................................................................29
Flight cage ................................................................29
Outdoor housing .......................................................30
Brooders ...................................................................31
Space recommendations ............................................32
Provision of food and water........................................33
Nutrition ...................................................................33
Grit ...........................................................................35
Environmental conditions .........................................36
Temperature ..............................................................36
Light .........................................................................37
Humidity ...................................................................37
Ventilation .................................................................37
Noise .........................................................................38
environmental enrichment ...................................................38
Social Enrichment ..........................................................39
Inanimate Enrichment ....................................................39
Conditions Secondary to Poor Housing Environments .....43
Feather pecking ........................................................43
Stereotypic behavior ..................................................44
Vocalization ..............................................................44
Disease .....................................................................44
Sanitation .......................................................................45
Pest control ...............................................................46
Identification and Record Keeping ...................................47
Identification .............................................................47
Methods ....................................................................47
Record keeping ..........................................................48
Transportation ................................................................49
references .............................................................................51
3 management.........................................................................55
regulatory agencies and compliance .....................................55
institutional animal care and use committee ........................56
sources of birds and procurement ........................................57
quarantine and conditioning ................................................58
occupational health and safety considerations ......................58
references .............................................................................61
4 veterinary care .....................................................................63
general physical examination ...............................................63
contents vii
Examination of the Environment ....................................64
Animal Observations Prior to Handling ..........................65
Sex Determination ..........................................................67
Head and Neck ................................................................68
Skin and Feathers ..........................................................69
Musculoskeletal ..............................................................70
Cardiovascular and Lower Respiratory Systems ..............71
Coelom ...........................................................................72
general diagnostic tests ........................................................72
Fecal Exam .....................................................................72
Urinalysis .......................................................................72
Clinical Chemistry ..........................................................73
Hematology .....................................................................75
common clinical problems and their management ................76
Cutaneous and Feather Diseases ....................................76
Broken blood feather .................................................76
Cutaneous and subcutaneous masses ......................77
Cysts .........................................................................77
Ectoparasites ............................................................77
Feather loss ...............................................................79
Other infectious etiologies .........................................80
Digestive Disease ............................................................80
Infectious etiology .....................................................80
Noninfectious etiology ...............................................84
Respiratory Diseases/Conjunctivitis ...............................84
General management of respiratory disease ..............84
Infectious etiology .....................................................84
Noninfectious etiology ...............................................86
Reproductive Diseases ....................................................87
Egg binding ...............................................................87
Neurologic Diseases ........................................................87
Infectious etiology .....................................................87
Noninfectious etiology ...............................................88
Miscellaneous Diseases ..................................................88
Malocclusion .............................................................88
Splay leg ....................................................................88
Traumatic injury .......................................................88
anesthesia and analgesia agents ..........................................89
Analgesics and Anesthetics .............................................90
Opioids ......................................................................90
NSAIDs .....................................................................90
Inhalants ..................................................................90
viii contents
Benzodiazepenes .......................................................91
Dissociatives .............................................................91
Alpha2 receptor agonists ...........................................92
Propofol .....................................................................92
Barbiturates ..............................................................92
Anesthetic Procedures and Considerations .....................92
Fasting ......................................................................92
Premedication and induction .....................................92
Anesthesia systems ...................................................93
Intubation .................................................................93
Catheters ..................................................................95
Monitoring and supportive care .................................96
Anesthetic complications ...........................................97
euthanasia ...........................................................................98
references .............................................................................98
5 experimental methodology ..................................................107
capture and restraint .........................................................107
capture techniques .............................................................108
manual restraint ................................................................110
chemical restraint ..............................................................112
various sampling techniques ..............................................112
Oropharyngeal and Cloacal Swabs................................112
Sinus Flush ..................................................................113
Crop Lavage ..................................................................113
Semen Collection ..........................................................114
Tissue Biopsies .............................................................114
Urine/Feces Collection ..................................................114
Body Weight Measurement ............................................115
blood collection ...................................................................115
blood collection sites ...........................................................117
Survival Collection Techniques .....................................118
Jugular vein ............................................................118
Ulnaris (wing) vein ..................................................119
Medial metatarsal vein ............................................120
Terminal (Nonsurvival) Techniques ...............................121
Occipital venous sinus ............................................121
Cardiocentesis .........................................................121
compound administration ..................................................122
Parenteral Techniques ..................................................122